Sociological surveys show that good sound insulation and low interior noise levels are highly ranked properties of dwellings. During the period from 1940 to 1990 the physics of sound transmission has become better and better understood, particularly as to how sound transmission is affected by different resonance phenomena, edge conditions, loss processes, and flanking transmission. However, the minimum requirements for as-built sound insulation have not been raised more than marginally in spite of the improved possibilities and the much increased number and power of noise sources, nor has the building industry made use of the increased knowledge. In general, the sound quality of dwellings has not been much improved in the period from 1940 to 1990. During the decade of the 1980's, a positive development toward greater sound insulation was noticed in some European countries. The noise reduction can be increased by 5-10 dB at an incremental cost of the order of 0%-3% in investment, depending on the circumstances.