Differences and similarities between the upper and lower  airway: focusing on innate immunity

Cho, Hyung‐Ju; Ha, Jong Gyun; Lee, S.N.; Kim, Chang Hoon; Wang, D.-Y.; Yoon, Joo Heon

doi:10.4193/rhin21.046

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 84 publications

(68 reference statements)

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“…19,20 The nasal epithelium is primarily composed of basal, club, ciliated, and goblet cells. [21][22][23] Among the basal cells located at the basement membrane, they serve as progenitor for other epithelial cells, playing a pivotal role in the natural renewal process and making significant contributions to wound healing following epithelium damage. 24 Club cells, considered as progeny of basal cells, possess the ability to further differentiate into ciliated and goblet cells.…”

Section: Predominant Cell Types Of the Nasal Epitheliummentioning

confidence: 99%

Updated epithelial barrier dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis: Targeting pathophysiology and treatment response of tight junctions

Huang,

Liu,

Sun

et al. 2024

Allergy

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Tight junction (TJ) proteins establish a physical barrier between epithelial cells, playing a crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis by safeguarding host tissues against pathogens, allergens, antigens, irritants, etc. Recently, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that abnormal expression of TJs plays an essential role in the development and progression of inflammatory airway diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with or without nasal polyps. Among them, CRS with nasal polyps is a prevalent chronic inflammatory disease that affects the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, leading to a poor prognosis and significantly impacting patients' quality of life. Its pathogenesis primarily involves dysfunction of the nasal epithelial barrier, impaired mucociliary clearance, disordered immune response, and excessive tissue remodeling. Numerous studies have elucidated the pivotal role of TJs in both the pathogenesis and response to traditional therapies in CRS. We therefore to review and discuss potential factors contributing to impair and repair of TJs in the nasal epithelium based on their structure, function, and formation process.

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Section: Predominant Cell Types Of the Nasal Epitheliummentioning

confidence: 99%

Updated epithelial barrier dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis: Targeting pathophysiology and treatment response of tight junctions

Huang,

Liu,

Sun

et al. 2024

Allergy

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“…Respiratory allergic diseases, such as allergic rhinitis and asthma, are common in industrialized areas [ 4 ] and have complex pathophysiology [ 5 , 6 ]. Urbanization, with its associated exposure to risk factors, has been linked to an increased risk of asthma [ 7 , 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographical Differences of Risk of Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis according to Urban/Rural Area: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies

et al. 2023

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Several studies have demonstrated an association between the risk asthma/allergic rhinitis and the environment. However, to date, no systematic review or meta-analysis has investigated these factors. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the association between urban/rural living and the risk of asthma and allergic rhinitis. We searched the Embase and Medline databases for relevant articles and included only cohort studies to observe the effects of time-lapse geographical differences. Papers containing information on rural/urban residence and respiratory allergic diseases were eligible for inclusion. We calculated the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) using a 2 × 2 contingency table and used random effects to pool data. Our database search yielded 8388 records, of which 14 studies involving 50,100,913 participants were finally included. The risk of asthma was higher in urban areas compared to rural areas (RR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.12–1.44, p < 0.001), but not for the risk of allergic rhinitis (RR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.87–1.59, p = 0.30). The risk of asthma in urban areas compared to rural areas was higher in the 0–6 years and 0–18 years age groups, with RRs of 1.21 (95% CI, 1.01–1.46, p = 0.04) and 1.35 (95% CI, 1.12–1.63, p = 0.002), respectively. However, there was no significant difference in the risk of asthma between urban and rural areas for children aged 0–2 years, with a RR of 3.10 (95% CI, 0.44–21.56, p = 0.25). Our study provides epidemiological evidence for an association between allergic respiratory diseases, especially asthma, and urban/rural living. Future research should focus on identifying the factors associated with asthma in children living in urban areas. The review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021249578).

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“…There are limitations to OM infection models using human otopathogens, which alone do not generally infect the MEs of healthy mice, limiting our ability to study and understand the generation of effective acquired immune protection in the ME. A particular knowledge gap lies in understanding how immune components might contribute differently to protection of the ME and the connected respiratory airways ( Kadioglu et al., 2002 ; Cho et al., 2021 ; Zohar et al., 2022 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive immune protection of the middle ears differs from that of the respiratory tract

Dewan,

Caulfield,

et al. 2023

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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The efficacy of the adaptive immune system in the middle ear (ME) is well established, but the mechanisms are not as well defined as those of gastrointestinal or respiratory tracts. While cellular elements of the adaptive response have been detected in the MEs following infections (or intranasal immunizations), their specific contributions to protecting the organ against reinfections are unknown. How immune protection mechanisms of the MEs compares with those in the adjacent and attached upper and lower respiratory airways remains unclear. To address these knowledge gaps, we used an established mouse respiratory infection model that we recently showed also involves ME infections. Bordetella bronchiseptica delivered to the external nares of mice in tiny numbers very efficiently infects the respiratory tract and ascends the Eustachian tube to colonize and infect the MEs, where it causes severe but acute inflammation resembling human acute otitis media (AOM). Since this AOM naturally resolves, we here examine the immunological mechanisms that clear infection and protect against subsequent infection, to guide efforts to induce protective immunity in the ME. Our results show that once the MEs are cleared of a primary B. bronchiseptica infection, the convalescent organ is strongly protected from reinfection by the pathogen despite its persistence in the upper respiratory tract, suggesting important immunological differences in these adjacent and connected organs. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells trafficked to the MEs following infection and were necessary to robustly protect against secondary challenge. Intranasal vaccination with heat killed B. bronchiseptica conferred robust protection against infection to the MEs, even though the nasopharynx itself was only partially protected. These data establish the MEs as discrete effector sites of adaptive immunity and shows that effective protection in the MEs and the respiratory tract is significantly different. This model system allows the dissection of immunological mechanisms that can prevent bacteria in the nasopharynx from ascending the ET to colonize the ME.

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Differences and similarities between the upper and lower airway: focusing on innate immunity

Cited by 6 publications

References 84 publications

Updated epithelial barrier dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis: Targeting pathophysiology and treatment response of tight junctions

Updated epithelial barrier dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis: Targeting pathophysiology and treatment response of tight junctions

Geographical Differences of Risk of Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis according to Urban/Rural Area: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies

Adaptive immune protection of the middle ears differs from that of the respiratory tract

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