Differences and changes in human papillomavirus type 16 variant status in human immunodeficiency virus-positive adults are not uncommon

Abstract

Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) genotype variants have been the subject of several investigations, but study participants have rarely been sampled more than once. In this study, among a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults, HPV-16 variants were investigated in samples collected concurrently from the anus and cervix, as well as in serial samples collected from the same anatomical site at 12-month intervals. HPV-16 variants in stored extracts of cervical and anal samples were determined from subjects with multiple visits and at least one sample positive for HPV-16. Seven polymorphic nucleotide positions within the E6 region were analysed by pyrosequencing to determine genotype variants. Of 364 samples examined, 176 anal and 39 cervical swabs from 84 different subjects yielded unequivocal sequences of eight major HPV-16 variants. Eight samples contained probable novel HPV-16 variants and in one sample two variants were detected. In eight out of 29 (27.6 %) anal-cervical sample pairs positive for HPV-16, discordant variants were found. From 57 anal and nine cervical sample series of HPV-16-positive samples, a change in HPV-16 variant status over time was seen in nine (13.6 %) instances (seven anal and two cervical) from eight different participants. Changes in HPV-16 variants in HIV-infected adults were seen most frequently when different anatomical sites were sampled, but were also observed over time. INTRODUCTIONHuman papillomaviruses (HPVs) are classified on the basis of their genomic nucleic acid sequence, which is quite stable. According to papillomavirus taxonomy, a new HPV type must have .10 % sequence variation from other types, whilst smaller variations of 2-10 % and ,2 % dissimilarity are defined as subtypes and variants, respectively (de Villiers et al., 2004). Numerous studies have analysed the frequency and distribution of HPV variants in different populations worldwide (Chopjitt et al., 2008;Tornesello et al., 2004; Yamada et al., 1995 Yamada et al., , 1997. Four major HPV-16 variant groups have been identified on the basis of sequences in the long control region and the E5/E6 open reading frames (Chan et al., 1992; Ho et al., 1991Ho et al., , 1993. These variant groups are referred to as European (E), Asian (As), Asian-American (AA) and African (Af), loosely designating their geographical distribution.HPV-16 variants are of considerable interest. Some studies have suggested that particular variants have a greater oncogenic potential for cervical cancer (Berumen et al., 2001;Chopjitt et al., 2008;Tornesello et al., 2004), although other studies have found no association between HPV-16 variants and differential risk for cervical disease (Da Costa et al., 2002;Nindl et al., 1999;Rajeevan et al., 2005). Variant analysis has also been proposed as means of assessing viral persistence (Londesborough et al., 1996); however, other results have not confirmed such a relationship (van Belkum et al., 1995). Most studies of HPV variants have been cross-sectional and have usually analy...

Pre-vaccination prevalence of anogenital and oral human papillomavirus in young HIV-infected men who have sex with men

“…African HPV16 variants were found more commonly among African-American vs. other participants. Few studies have examined HPV16 genotype variants in HIV-infected MSM but these have demonstrated that European variants are the most common [23], [42], [43]. Further study is needed to examine genotype variants in HIV-infected MSM, given their possible association with HPV persistence and the increased risk of cancer with non-European variants [7], [26], [29], [39], [45].…”

Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Variants in Paired Enrollment and Follow‐up Cervical Samples: Implications for a Proper Understanding of Type‐Specific Persistent Infections

“…Mayrand et al [13] demonstrated different DNA polymorphisms in 4 of 50 women by analysis of single-stranded conformation polymorphisms of HPV-16 variants in consecutive specimens. An even higher disconcordance rate was detected by pyrosequencing of HPV-16 variants in a recent study of human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults [14]. Other studies have reported identical variants in consecutive samples positive for HPV-16 [11,12] or other high-risk types [15].…”

Genetic Variations of Human Papillomavirus Type 16: Implications for Cervical Carcinogenesis

“…Another study that analyzed the HPV16 variant status in paired-enrollment and follow-up cervical specimens showed that changes in the HPV16 variants occurred in four of 86 women (4.7z) (33). Among a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults, eight of 59 women (13.6z) showed discordant HPV16 variants in sequentially collected anal and cervical samples (34). These data suggest that natural infections can result from continuous exposure to infection with different HPV16 variants.…”