Differences among eighteen winter pea genotypes for forage and cover crop use in the southeastern United States

Vann, Rachel; Reberg‐Horton, S. Chris; Castillo, Miguel S.; Murphy, J. Paul; Martins, Lais Bastos; Mirsky, Steven B.; Saha, Uttam; McGee, Rebecca J.

doi:10.1002/csc2.20355

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In recent studies in Nebraska pre‐harvest broadcast hairy vetch produced 0.36–0.54 when terminated by early May in eastern sites (Koehler‐Cole & Elmore, 2020) and 0.81 Mg ha –1 when drill‐planted by September and terminated in May in drier, western sites (Rosa et al., 2021). Winter pea is less cold hardy than hairy vetch (Vann et al., 2021) but cultivars suitable to Nebraska produced 0.7 Mg ha −1 biomass in dryland and 2.74 Mg ha −1 in irrigated conditions by mid‐June (Homer et al., 2019). Legumes may become more attractive cover crops due to the current high fertilizer prices, but to achieve greater biomass and N 2 fixation, growers need to improve legume management.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cover crop planting practices determine their performance in the U.S. Corn Belt

et al. 2023

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Cover crop growing periods in the western U.S. Corn Belt could be extended by planting earlier. We evaluated both pre-harvest broadcast interseeding and post-harvest drilling of the following cover crops: (a) cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) [RYE]; (b) a mix of rye + legumes + brassicas [MIX1], (c) a mix of rye + oat [Avena sativa L.] + legumes + brassicas (MIX2), (d) legumes [LEGU]) and (e) a no cover crop control. These were tested in continuous corn (Zea mays L.) [corn-corn] and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]-corn systems [soybean-corn] at three sites in Nebraska for their effect on cover crop productivity, soil nutrients, and subsequent corn performance. At the sites with wet fall weather, pre-harvest broadcasting increased cover crop biomass by 90%, to 1.29 Mg ha −1 for RYE and 0.87 Mg ha −1 for MIX1 in soybean-corn, and to 0.56 Mg ha −1 and 0.39 Mg ha −1 in corn-corn, respectively. At the drier site, post-harvest drilling increased biomass of RYE and MIX1 by 95% to 0.80 Mg ha −1 in soybean-corn. Biomass N uptake was highest in pre-harvest RYE and MIX1 at two sites in soybean-corn (35 kg ha −1 ). RYE and sometimes mixes reduced soil N, but effects on P, K, and soil organic C were inconsistent. In soybean-corn, corn yields decreased by 4% after RYE, and in corn-corn, by 4% after pre-harvest cover crops. Site-specific selection of cover crops and planting practices can increase their performance while minimizing impacts on corn.Abbreviations: CON, control without cover crops; GDD, growing degree days; LEGU, legume cover crop blend consisting of hairy vetch and winter pea; MIX1, cover crop mix consisting of cereal rye, hairy vetch, winter pea, and radish; MIX2, cover crop mix consisting of cereal rye, hairy vetch, winter pea, radish, oat, collard, clover; RYE, cereal rye cover crop.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cover crop planting practices determine their performance in the U.S. Corn Belt

et al. 2023

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“…Recently, winter pea has been found to be a potential winter legume cover crop for the Southeast, and the regional breeding programs are now focusing on improving its adaptability (Vann et al., 2019, 2020). Crimson clover and hairy vetch are both commonly used legume cover crops in the southeastern United States and are popular for their high biomass production (Vann et al., 2016, 2021). However, when used as a sole crop, crimson clover can have notably slower N release than other legume cover crops and can even lead to N immobilization (Reberg‐Horton et al., 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hairy vetch is a legume cover crop grown as a N source, weed suppressor, topsoil conditioner, and erosion reducer (Clark, 2012;Vann et al, 2019). Austrian winter pea is another legume that is grown as a plow-down N source, weed suppressor, and forage (Clark, 2012;Vann et al, 2019Vann et al, , 2021. Brassicas such as radish and turnip produce large taproots that can penetrate deep soil layers ("bio-drilling"), alleviate compaction, scavenge nutrients from deep in the soil profile, and provide macrochannels that facilitate water infiltration (Clark, 2012;Saini et al, 2005).…”

Section: Core Ideasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fall–winter cover crops promote soil health and weed control in the southeastern clayey soils

2023

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Seven winter cover crops including grasses, legumes, and brassicas were evaluated for biomass production and effects on weed presence, stored soil water, soil health indicators, and the performance of a subsequent soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] crop in the clayey soils of South Carolina during 2019-2020 and 2020-2021. A mixture of Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum L.), rye (Secale cereale L.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), and oat (Avena sativa L.), a mixture of crimson clover and rye, and single rye ranked high for biomass production. Cover crops did not deplete more soil water than a fallow did (-22 to 8% difference in soil water retention, compared to fallow with or without herbicide application), controlled weeds equally well or better than herbicides (>90% reduction in weed presence, compared to herbicide control), and reduced soil penetration resistance (>40%, compared to fallow with or without herbicide application in the second season). The five-species mixture also improved soil biological activity (>43% increase in soil respiration at cover-crop termination, compared to that under a chemical fallow). The subsequent soybean crop's yield was never negatively affected if not improved by the above cover crops (9-173% increase, compared to that following a chemical fallow). Our results indicate the suitability of the above cover crops for the southeastern clayey soils based on biomass production, weed suppression, and improvements in soil health and the subsequent soybean crop's performance and provide the rationale for planting them rather than keeping the land under a chemical fallow.

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“…(2017) reported that growers want future cover crop breeding to focus on traits such as winter hardiness, early vigor, and weed suppression in grass species and improving biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in legume species. Many efforts are ongoing in grasses to improve these agronomic characteristics (Ayalew et al., 2018; Brasier et al., 2019), while large gaps remain on BNF improvement of legume cover crops (Vann et al., 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steps toward developing legume cover crop varieties: Study of biomass and nitrogen partitioning and within‐plant δ1¹⁵N variation of faba bean at different growth stages

Dugger,

Brasier,

Pahlavani

et al. 2024

Crop Science

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Modern legumes are engineered to enhance nutrient allocation to grains and maximize harvest index (HI) and yield. Breeding legumes for cover crop requires optimizing source‐sink relationship to prolong nutrient allocation to vegetative organs, support post‐flowering nodule activity, and extend biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). We studied the variation of faba bean (Vicia faba) germplasm for biomass (DM) and nitrogen (N) allocation to plant organs at the lower and upper parts of the canopy. Three genotypes were established during the 2019 and 2020 growing seasons, and DM, N, and δ15N of upper and lower leaves, stems, pods, seeds, and pod shells were quantified at vegetative, first‐pod, and full‐pod stages. Of the three genotypes, PI 678631 displayed early vigor, allocated more DM and N in vegetative organs, and accumulated more total DM and N than Windsor and PI 655333 by first‐pod stage. The advantage of PI 678631 over the other two genotypes seemed to be associated with smaller allocation of DM and N in pods at early reproductive phase. These findings support existing variations within faba bean germplasm that can be used to improve its ecosystem service as cover crop. Within‐plant variation of δ15N was minimal, suggesting that under favorable soil N and moisture where N remobilization is low, vegetative organs can serve as proxies to estimate the entire plant %Ndfa (proportion of plant N derived from the atmosphere) prior to plant maturity. The δ15N of plant organs at vegetative and early‐pod stages were similar and consistent with the only whole plant δ15N measurement in 2020.

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Differences among eighteen winter pea genotypes for forage and cover crop use in the southeastern United States

Cited by 4 publications

References 35 publications

Cover crop planting practices determine their performance in the U.S. Corn Belt

Cover crop planting practices determine their performance in the U.S. Corn Belt

Fall–winter cover crops promote soil health and weed control in the southeastern clayey soils

Steps toward developing legume cover crop varieties: Study of biomass and nitrogen partitioning and within‐plant δ1¹⁵N variation of faba bean at different growth stages

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Differences among eighteen winter pea genotypes for forage and cover crop use in the southeastern United States

Cited by 4 publications

References 35 publications

Cover crop planting practices determine their performance in the U.S. Corn Belt

Cover crop planting practices determine their performance in the U.S. Corn Belt

Fall–winter cover crops promote soil health and weed control in the southeastern clayey soils

Steps toward developing legume cover crop varieties: Study of biomass and nitrogen partitioning and within‐plant δ115N variation of faba bean at different growth stages

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Steps toward developing legume cover crop varieties: Study of biomass and nitrogen partitioning and within‐plant δ1¹⁵N variation of faba bean at different growth stages