Difference in skin immune responses to infection with salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) of families selected for resistance and susceptibility

Holm, Helle; Santi, Nina; Kjøglum, Sissel; Perišić, Nebojša; Skugor, Stanko; Evensen, Øystein

doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2014.10.038

Cited by 62 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 100 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The type and magnitude of immune responses at the site of parasite attachment in skin [13, 15] and in internal immune organs [85] contribute to susceptibility to L. salmonis in Atlantic salmon. Several complement system genes responded to GLs in NI-13 – this type of immune system preconditioning by diet could be helpful upon parasite encounter.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrigenomic effects of glucosinolates on liver, muscle and distal kidney in parasite-free and salmon louse infected Atlantic salmon

Skugor¹,

Holm

Bjelland³

et al. 2016

Parasites Vectors

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundReduction of Lepeophtheirus salmonis infection in Atlantic salmon achieved by glucosinolates (GLs) from Brassica plants was recently reported. However, wider application of functional feeds based on GLs requires better knowledge of their positive and adverse effects.MethodsLiver, distal kidney and muscle transcriptomes of salmon exposed to the extreme dose of GLs were profiled by microarray, while qPCR analysis followed up selected hepatic and renal responses under the extreme and moderate GLs dose during the L. salmonis challenge. Transcriptional analysis were complemented with measurements of organ indices, liver steatosis and plasma profiling, including indicators of cytolysis and bilirubin. Finally, the third trial was performed to quantify the effect of lower GLs doses on growth.ResultsThe extreme GLs dose caused a decrease in hepatic fat deposition and growth, in line with microarray findings, which suggested tissue remodeling and reduction of cellular proliferation in the skeletal muscle and liver. Lower GLs inclusion levels in a follow-up trial did not show negative effects on growth. Microarray analysis of the distal kidney pointed to activation of anti-fibrotic responses under the overexposure. However, analyses of ALT, CK and AST enzymes in plasma provided no evidence of increased cytolysis and organ damage. Prevalent activation of phase-2 detoxification genes that occurred in all three tissues could be considered part of beneficial effects caused by the extreme dose of GLs. In addition, transcriptomic evidence suggested GLs-mediated iron and heme withdrawal response, including increased heme degradation in muscle (upregulation of heme oxygenase-1), decrease of its synthesis in liver (downregulation of porphobilinogen deaminase) and increased iron sequestration from blood (hepatic induction of hepcidin-1 and renal induction of intracellular storage protein ferritin). This response could be advantageous for salmon upon encountering lice, which depend on the host for the provision of iron carrying heme. Most of the hepatic genes studied by qPCR showed similar expression levels in fish exposed to GLs, lice and their combination, while renal induction of leptin suggested heightened stress by the combination of extreme dose of GLs and lice. High expression of interferon γ (cytokine considered organ-protective in mammalian kidney) was detected at the moderate GLs level. This fish also showed highest plasma bilirubin levels (degradation product of heme), and had lowest number of attached lice, further supporting hypothesis that making heme unavailable to lice could be part of an effective anti-parasitic strategy.ConclusionsModulation of detoxification and iron metabolism in Atlantic salmon tissues could be beneficial prior and during lice infestations. Investigation of anti-lice functional feeds based on low and moderate GLs inclusion levels thus deserves further attention.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1921-7) contains supplementary mater...

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrigenomic effects of glucosinolates on liver, muscle and distal kidney in parasite-free and salmon louse infected Atlantic salmon

Skugor¹,

Holm

Bjelland³

et al. 2016

Parasites Vectors

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A wide range of susceptibilities to L. salmonis exists among salmonids; coho and pink respond with aggressive inflammation and subsequent rejection of the parasite (Johnson and Albright, 1992;Braden et al, 2012Braden et al, , 2015Sutherland et al, 2011) while in Atlantic, sockeye and chum salmon, there is a delayed or weakened inflammatory response to infection (Skugor et al 2008;Tadiso et al, 2011;Krasnov et al 2012;Braden et al, 2012Braden et al, , 2015Sutherland et al, 2011Sutherland et al, , 2014, which permits heavier parasitic abundance. The study of Holm et al (2014) suggested that a thicker epidermis and larger mucus cell size were not associated with resistance in Atlantic salmon. In contrast, the development of structural skin complexity, including the formation of scales may at least partly explain resistance to salmon louse in post-emergent pink salmon (Jones et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual maturation and administration of 17β-estradiol and testosterone induce complex gene expression changes in skin and increase resistance of Atlantic salmon to ectoparasite salmon louse

Krasnov

Breiland

Hatlen

et al. 2015

General and Comparative Endocrinology

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…This immunosuppressive effect caused by lice was also found to increase with the number of lice on the host (Holm et al . ). Altogether, these observations suggest that the host is not upregulating its immune system with higher lice densities, and it therefore appears that host immune response might only play a minor role in the density‐dependent reduction in parasite fecundity observed here.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Parasite fecundity decreases with increasing parasite load in the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis infecting Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

Ugelvik

Skorping

Mennerat

2016

Journal of Fish Diseases

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Aggregation is common amongst parasites, where a small number of hosts carry a large proportion of parasites. This could result in density-dependent effects on parasite fitness. In a laboratory study, we explored whether parasite load affected parasite fecundity and survival, using ectoparasitic salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Krøyer, 1837) infecting Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) hosts. We found a significant reduction in fecundity with higher parasite load, but no significant effect on survival. Together with previous findings, this suggests that stronger competition amongst female lice under high parasite load is a more likely explanation than increased host immune response.

show abstract

Difference in skin immune responses to infection with salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) of families selected for resistance and susceptibility

Cited by 62 publications

References 100 publications

Nutrigenomic effects of glucosinolates on liver, muscle and distal kidney in parasite-free and salmon louse infected Atlantic salmon

Nutrigenomic effects of glucosinolates on liver, muscle and distal kidney in parasite-free and salmon louse infected Atlantic salmon

Sexual maturation and administration of 17β-estradiol and testosterone induce complex gene expression changes in skin and increase resistance of Atlantic salmon to ectoparasite salmon louse

Parasite fecundity decreases with increasing parasite load in the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis infecting Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About