“…Instead, other data hiding schemes embed secret messaves into the spatial domain, such as least significant bit (LSB) [8], [31], [32], pixel value differencing (PVD) [33], [34], histogram shifting [35], [36], [37], expansion based [38], [39], multiple bit-planes [40], [41]. These methods have higher embedding rates than frequency-domain based methods, but are usually less robust and less resistant to steganalysis [42], [43], [44], [45], [46].…”