Diets of Healthy Swedish Children 4‐24 Months Old

Kylberg, Elisabeth; Hofvander, Y; Sjölin, Stig

doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1986.tb10320.x

Cited by 36 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…At the age of 6 months, the energy intake was lower for breast-fed infants than those not breast-fed. This ®nding is in accordance with the results from some other studies (Kylberg et al, 1986;Axelsson et al, 1987;Heinig et al, 1993a), while others have not found this difference between feeding groups (Michaelsen, 1997). The correlation found for the research group in the present study between birth weight and body weight during the ®rst year of life was also tested for the two different feeding groups and found to be stronger for those infants being breast-fed than for those not being breast-fed.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Butte (1996) also came to the same conclusion, ie that the 1985 recommendations were too high and should be revised. Some studies have shown that breast-fed infants have a lower intake of energy-giving nutrients than formula-fed infants (Kylberg et al, 1986;Axelsson et al, 1987;Heinig et al, 1993a). A more recent study did not ®nd this difference (Michaelsen, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Energy intake and growth of infants in Iceland—a population with high frequency of breast-feeding and high birth weight

Atladóttir

Þórsdóttir

2000

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objective: To investigate infants' energy intake and growth in a population with a high frequency of breastfeeding and high birth weight. Design: The infants' consumption was recorded once a month from 1 to 12 months of age. At the ages of 2, 4, 6, 9 and 12 months all ingested food was weighed accurately to calculate nutrient intake. A control group participated at the age of 9 months. Setting: Participants, who were born healthy, were recruited from four different maternity wards. Growth data were collected from healthcare centres and consumption data with parents' assistance from the infants' homes. Subjects: Infants (n 250) were randomly selected and divided into a research group (n 180) and a control group (n 70). The research group participants numbered 138 (77%) and the control participants 57 (81%). Results: Energy intake was lower than current recommendations but was similar to that found in recent studies. Growth, as a percentage of birth weight, correlated negatively with birth weight, with r 0.77 (P`0.001) for growth to 12 months. Infants breast-fed at 7 months of age gained less weight from 6 to 9 months, 1057 + 58 g, than those not breast-fed, 1498 + 130 g (P`0.001). Analysis of the control group's intake showed that participation in the study did not affect intake. Conclusion: The ®ndings support the need for new recommendations on energy intake and new growth charts based on current knowledge about breast-fed infants. Birth weight is a determining factor of growth in infancy, and percentage weight gain during the ®rst year of life increases as birth weight decreases.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Energy intake and growth of infants in Iceland—a population with high frequency of breast-feeding and high birth weight

Atladóttir

Þórsdóttir

2000

Eur J Clin Nutr

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“…The infants in CIF were receiving 35% of their energy from fat; this was slightly lower than in NDNS (36%). However the proportion of energy from fat in CIF was higher than that in the Donald study in German (34%; Alexy et al, 1999), the Copenhagen cohort study (32% for partially and 31% for non-breast-fed infants at 9 months of age, Michaelsen, 1997), and a Swedish study of 9-montholds (28%; Kylberg et al, 1986a). Furthermore the Copenhagen cohort study did not show any association between growth and fat intake as a percentage of energy.…”

Section: Infant Food and Nutrient Intake S Noble And P Emmettmentioning

confidence: 70%

Food and nutrient intake in a cohort of 8-month-old infants in the south-west of England in 1993

Noble

Emmett

2001

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objective: To investigate food and nutrient intakes in 8-month-old infants. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ALSPAC), south-west England. Subjects: A total of 1131 singleton Caucasian infants (82% of those invited) from a 10% random sample of ALSPAC, known as Children in Focus (CIF). Methods: Diet was assessed using a structured 3-day unweighed dietary record. Food and nutrient intakes were compared with intakes from the 6 ± 9 month age group of a British infant feeding survey, which formed part of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS). Nutrient intakes were compared with dietary reference values (DRV). Results: Intakes of energy and most nutrients were very similar between CIF and NDNS. The main difference was in the type of fat eaten resulting in a higher polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio in CIF (0.34) compared with NDNS (0.21). Other differences included the much lower calcium and iodine intakes in CIF compared with the NDNS. Differences in the proportion of consumers of formula and cow's milk accounted for most of the nutrient differences. Energy intakes were similar to the estimated average requirements (EAR), however, breastfed infants were slightly below and non-breastfed were slightly above the EAR. Mean intakes of zinc and vitamin D were below the Reference Nutrient Intakes. Conclusions: The diets of 8-month-old infants in this study were adequate in most nutrients. Breastfed infants had slightly lower energy intakes than non-breastfed infants. Sponsorship: Cow and GateaNutricia, MRC, Wellcome Trust, Department of the Environment, MAFF.

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“…The intake of vitamin D was considerably lower in the 4-month-old breast-fed infants than in the formula-fed infants in Sweden and England (Kylberg et al, 1986;Noble et al, 2001). In a recent British survey, 69% of the non-breast-fed children had intake values below the reference values.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…At high latitudes, where only little sunlight is available during the winter, the production of vitamin D is reduced for 4-6 months of the year (Webb and Holick, 1988). Data from Finland and from other European countries as well as USA have shown vitamin D intake in children to be lower than recommended (Kylberg et al, 1986;Lamberg-Allardt et al, 1984;Ylönen et al, 1996;Lagström et al, 1997;Skinner et al, 1997). Fortified margarine and fish are the most important sources of vitamin D in the diet of adults in Finland (Lahti-Koski and Kilkkinen, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intake of vitamin D by Finnish children aged 3 months to 3 years in relation to sociodemographic factors

et al. 2006

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Objective: To study the total daily intake of vitamin D from food and supplements among Finnish children aged 3 months to 3 years, the dietary sources of vitamin D and the association between vitamin D intake and sociodemographic factors. Subjects and methods: The subjects are participants in the Finnish Type I Diabetes Prediction and Prevention Nutrition Study born between October 1997 and October 1998. At the age of 3 and 6 months, 1, 2 and 3 years, 342 (72% of the invited families), 298 (63%), 267 (56%), 233 (49%) and 209 (44%) families, respectively, participated in the present study. Food consumption was assessed by a 3-day food record. A structured questionnaire was used to record the parents' socioeconomic status. Results: The mean dietary vitamin D intake exceeded the recommendation (10 mg/day) at the age of 3 (11.0 mg) and 6 months (12.0 mg), but decreased thereafter being 9.8, 5.0 and 4.1 mg at 1, 2 and 3 years of age, respectively. Among the children 91, 91, 81, 42 and 26% used vitamin D supplements at the age of 3 and 6 months, and 1, 2 and 3 years, respectively. In children not using vitamin D supplements, vitamin D intake was less than 10 mg/day at all ages. Vitamin D intake from food did not differ in children who used and did not use vitamin D supplements. Vitamin D supplements were the main source of vitamin D intake in all age groups studied, followed by vitamin D-fortified infant formula in 3-month-olds and infant formula and baby foods in 6-month-olds. After the age of 1 year, the most important food sources of vitamin D were margarine, fish, baby foods, low-fat milk and eggs. Sociodemographic factors, especially the number of children in the family and maternal age, were associated with the total vitamin D intake and vitamin D supplement use. Conclusion: Vitamin D supplements are not used according to the dietary recommendations in a substantial proportion of Finnish children.

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Diets of Healthy Swedish Children 4‐24 Months Old

Cited by 36 publications

References 9 publications

Energy intake and growth of infants in Iceland—a population with high frequency of breast-feeding and high birth weight

Energy intake and growth of infants in Iceland—a population with high frequency of breast-feeding and high birth weight

Food and nutrient intake in a cohort of 8-month-old infants in the south-west of England in 1993

Intake of vitamin D by Finnish children aged 3 months to 3 years in relation to sociodemographic factors

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