Diets High in Heat-Treated Soybean Meal Reduce the Histamine-Induced Epithelial Response in the Colon of Weaned Piglets and Increase Epithelial Catabolism of Histamine

Abstract

We examined the influence of dietary fermentable protein (fCP) and fermentable carbohydrates (fCHO) on the colonic epithelial response to histamine in pigs. Thirty-two weaned piglets were fed 4 diets in a 2 × 2 factorial design with low fCP/low fCHO, low fCP/high fCHO, high fCP/low fCHO and high fCP/high fCHO. After 21-23 days, the pigs were killed and tissue from the proximal colon was stimulated with carbachol, histamine, PGE2 or sodium hydrogen sulphide in Ussing chambers. Changes in short-circuit current and tissue conductance were measured. Diamine oxidase, histamine N-methyltransferase, stem cell growth factor receptor, Fc-epsilon receptor I and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene expression was determined. Activities of diamine oxidase and histamine N-methyltransferase and numbers of colonic mast cells were measured. The change in the short-circuit current in response to histamine was lower (P = 0.002) and tended to be lower for PGE2 (P = 0.053) in high fCP groups compared to low fCP groups, irrespective of fCHO. Additionally, the change in tissue conductance after the application of histamine was lower (P = 0.005) in the high fCP groups. The expression of histamine N-methyltransferase mRNA (P = 0.033) and the activities of diamine oxidase (P = 0.001) and histamine N-methyltransferase (P = 0.006) were higher with high fCP in comparison with low fCP. The expression of mast cell markers, stem cell growth factor receptor (P = 0.005) and Fc-epsilon receptor I (P = 0.049) was higher with high fCP diets compared to diets low in fCP, whereas the mast cell count did not differ between groups. The expression of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator was reduced (P = 0.001) with high fCP diets compared to low fCP diets. The lower epithelial response to histamine and PGE2 and elevated epithelial histamine inactivation suggests an adaptation to high fCP diets.

Health relevance of intestinal protein fermentation in young pigs

“…Interestingly, diets high in fermentable protein reduced the activity of the large intestinal epithelial ameloride-sensitive sodium channel ENaC, which was associated with more liquid feces in piglets (Richter et al, 2014). Indirect effects of protein-derived metabolites include higher formation of histamine, which contribute to increased chloride secretion and fluid loss into the large intestinal lumen through receptor-mediated signaling (Kröger et al, 2013(Kröger et al, , 2015. Other factors such as digesta viscosity or digesta transit may promote the ability of enterobacteria to adhere to specific mucus motifs in the small intestine.…”

“Porcine Digestible Peptides (Pdp) in Weanling Diets Improves Gut Barrier Function, Immune Response and Nutrient Transport in Nursery Pigs” 

“…On the one hand, the enzyme-coding genes HNMT and APN were upregulated in the jejunum. Kröger et al [32] reported that high dietary inclusion of fermentable CP increased the HNMT expression in the colon, which is a histamine-degrading enzyme. They determined that the histamine catabolism activity of HNMT counter-regulated the increased production of this biogenic amine, reducing the fecal score of the piglets fed with a high fermentable CP diet.…”

“…A list of 56 genes related to intestinal health were selected according to the bibliography [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] and included: (1) genes participating in the barrier function (OCLN, ZO1, CLDN1, CLDN4, CLDN15, MUC2, MUC13 and TFF3); (2) genes that play an important role in the immune response, such as pattern recognition receptors, cytokines, chemokines and stress proteins (TLR2, TLR4, IL1B, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL17A, IL22, IFNG, TNF, TGFB1, CCL20, CXCL2, IFNGR1, HSPB1, HSPA4, REG3G, PPARGC1A, FAXDC2 and GBP1);…”

Porcine Digestible Peptides (PDP) in Weanling Diets Regulates the Expression of Genes Involved in Gut Barrier Function, Immune Response and Nutrient Transport in Nursery Pigs

“…A list of 56 genes related to intestinal health were selected according to the bibliography [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ] and included: (1) genes participating in the barrier function ( OCLN , ZO1 , CLDN1 , CLDN4 , CLDN15 , MUC2 , MUC13 and TFF3 ); (2) genes that play an important role in the immune response, such as pattern recognition receptors, cytokines, chemokines and stress proteins ( TLR2 , TLR4 , IL1B , IL6 , IL8 , IL10 , IL17A , IL22 , IFNG , TNF , TGFB1 , CCL20 , CXCL2 , IFNGR1 , HSPB1 , HSPA4 , REG3G , PPARGC1A , FAXDC2 and GBP1 ); (3) genes coding for enzymes and hormones implicated in the digestion process ( GPX2 , SOD2 , ALPI , SI , DAO1 , HNMT , APN , IDO1 , GCG , CCK , IGF1R and PYY ); (4) genes involved in nutrient transport ( SLC5A1 , SLC16A1 , SLC7A8 , SLC15A1 , SLC13A1 , SLC11A2 , MT1A , SLC30A1 and SLC39A4 ); (5) genes involved in stress response ( CRHR1 , NR3C1 and HSD11B1 ); and (6) four reference genes ( ACTB , B2M , GAPDH and TBP ).…”