Dietary α‐linolenic acid increases the n−3 PUFA content of sow's milk and the tissues of the suckling piglet

Bazinet, Richard P.; McMillan, Ewen G.; Cunnane, Stephen C.

doi:10.1007/s11745-006-1159-9

Cited by 35 publications

(40 citation statements)

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“…Supplementation of the sow diet with extruded linseed during gestation and lactation increased the proportions of n-3PUFA compared with the other two experimental diets without modifying the proportion of 22:6n-3. The fatty acid composition of the milk reflected the nutritional status of the sows during gestation and lactation as previously described (Fritsche et al, 1993;Bazinet et al, 2003;de Quelen et al, 2010). However, the content of 18:3n-3 in the diet seems to be important to increase n-3PUFA levels in sow milk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Effect of different contents of extruded linseed in the sow diet on piglet fatty acid composition and hepatic desaturase expression during the post-natal period

Quelen

Boudry²,

Mourot

2013

Animal

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n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) contribute to the normal growth and development of numerous organs in the piglet. The fatty acid composition of piglet tissues is linked to the fatty acid composition of sow milk and, consequently, to the composition of sow diet during the gestation and lactation period. In this study, we investigated the impact of different contents of extruded linseed in the sow diet on the fatty acid composition and desaturase gene expression of piglets. Sows received a diet containing either sunflower oil (low 18:3n-3 with 18:3n-3 representing 3% of total fatty acids) or a mixture of extruded linseed and sunflower oil (medium 18:3n-3 with 9% of 18:3n-3) or extruded linseed (high 18:3n-3 with 27% of 18:3n-3) during gestation and lactation. Fatty acid composition was evaluated on sow milk and on different piglet tissues at days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28. The postnatal evolution of delta5 (D5D) and delta6 (D6D) desaturase mRNA expression was also measured in the liver of low 18:3n-3 and high 18:3n-3 piglets. The milk of high 18:3n-3 sows had higher proportions of n-3PUFA than that of low 18:3n-3 and medium 18:3n-3 sows. Piglets suckling the high 18:3n-3 sows had greater proportions of 18:3n-3, 20:5n-3, 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 in the liver, and of 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 in the brain than low 18:3n-3 and medium 18:3n-3 piglets. D5D and D6D mRNA expressions in piglet liver were not affected by the maternal diet at any age. In conclusion, extruded linseed in the sow diet modifies the n-3PUFA status of piglets during the postnatal period. However, a minimal content of 18:3n-3 in the sow diet is necessary to increase the n-3PUFA level in piglet liver and brain. Moreover, modifications in the n-3PUFA fatty acid composition of piglet tissue seem linked to the availability of 18:3n-3 in maternal milk and not to desaturase enzyme expression.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Effect of different contents of extruded linseed in the sow diet on piglet fatty acid composition and hepatic desaturase expression during the post-natal period

Quelen

Boudry²,

Mourot

2013

Animal

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“…Extracted lipids were dried under nitrogen gas and then reconstituted with 2 ml of 0.1% sulfuric acid solution in methanol. Fatty acids methyl esters were formed by heating this solution at 701C for 3 hr [Bazinet et al, 2003;Makrides et al, 1994]. Methyl esters were separated on a 30 Â .25 mm internal diameter capillary column (SP-2330; Supelco, Bellefonte, PA) by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (Model 6890N; Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Squirrel monkeys are only slightly larger than the largest callitrichid primates, median adult female body weight is approximately 700 g [Bernacky et al, 2002]. Squirrel monkey dams bear a higher metabolic cost compared with other primate species on a per infant basis, with maternal investment concentrated in the prenatal and perinatal periods [Garber & Leigh, 1997;Jack, 2007].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Squirrel monkey dams bear a higher metabolic cost compared with other primate species on a per infant basis, with maternal investment concentrated in the prenatal and perinatal periods [Garber & Leigh, 1997;Jack, 2007]. Mean neonatal body mass (7SD) in captivity is 109.2721.9 g (n 5 283) [Bernacky et al, 2002]. Neonatal body weights are between 14 and 20% of maternal body weight, and infants undergo rapid postnatal brain growth [Garber & Leigh, 1997;Hartwig, 1996].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The composition of milk from Bolivian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis)

Milligan

Gibson

Williams

et al. 2007

American J Primatol

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Squirrel monkeys (genus Saimiri) give birth to relatively large neonates with large, fast-growing brains. Maternal energy expenditure during gestation and infant development is argued to be high, but may be offset by the provisioning of offspring by females other than the mother (allonursing). Milk composition is an important component of maternal energy expenditure, but has been examined in only a small number of primate species. Here, we report on the milk composition from laboratory-housed Bolivian squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis) dams (n 5 6) and allomothers (n 5 2). Milk samples (n 5 16) representing mid-lactation were assayed for fat, sugar, dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and fatty acids. Gross energy (GE) was calculated from these constituents (excepting fatty acids). The goals of this project were: (1) to provide descriptive data on milk composition of squirrel monkeys, including the range of intraspecific variation; (2) to determine if milk produced by allomothers differs from milk from dams; and (3) to compare squirrel monkey milk to that of other small New World monkeys, the callitrichines. Squirrel monkey samples averaged 4.56% fat, 3.59% CP, 6.98% sugar, 16.59% DM, and 0.91 kcal/g. The proportion of the medium chain fatty acids 8:0 and 10:0 was 40 times greater than that reported for human milk samples, and 18:1 and 18:2n-6 comprise more than 60% of total fatty acids. Milk from allomothers was lower than dams in fat, DM, and GE, which may relate to variation in maternal condition between these two groups. Excluding allomothers, milk from squirrel monkeys was higher in mean GE than captive common marmosets, but did not differ in the proportion of energy from fat, CP, and sugar relative to total GE. The consistency in energy from protein between species suggests this may be a shared-derived trait of New World monkeys. Am.

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“…The present study uses data from the experiment of Aguinaga et al (2011a) in an attempt to identify likely causes for the comparatively higher energetic cost of body fat deposition in the suckling IB piglet. A preliminary analysis of the IB sow milk revealed low relative percentages of LA and, above all, of LNA and of most of their polyunsaturated derivatives when compared with values published for milk of conventional breeds (Alston-Mills et al, 2000;Bazinet et al, 2003;de Quelen et al, 2010). This fact might have negative implications in early postnatal development (de Quelen et al, 2010) and, eventually, reduce the energetic efficiency of growth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Utilization of milk fatty acids by the suckling Iberian piglets

Aguinaga

Haro

Lara

et al. 2016

Animal

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A total of 16 pure-bred Iberian (IB) sows, all of them suckling six piglets, were used, eight of them in each of the two consecutive trials (1 and 2). Daily milk yield and composition were determined weekly over a 34-day lactation period. Within each litter, one piglet at birth and four piglets on day 35 of life were slaughtered. Milk intake per piglet tended to be greater in trial 2 (832 v. 893 g/day; P = 0.066), but piglets grew at 168 ± 3.3 g/day, irrespective of the trial. In the IB sow milk, the linoleic (LA) : linolenic (LNA) acid ratio averaged 14.6 and 15.2 in trial 1 and trial 2, respectively. A fivefold increase in piglet body fat content was observed over lactation ( P < 0.001). Most of this fat (81.4%) was present in the carcass. After 34 days of lactation, whole-body relative content of palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic and oleic acids were very close to those in the milk consumed, suggesting direct deposition. Daily deposition of LA derivatives and of LNA and its derivatives was found to be extremely low (<0.02 g, on average). Moreover, some of the arachidonic acid (ARA) in tissues of the IB piglet at birth disappeared throughout the lactating period. An overall fractional deposition for total fatty acids (FA) was 0.409. Fractional oxidation (disappearance) rates were 0.939 and 0.926 for n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated FA. The overall rate of disappearance for the major non-essential FA (myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic and oleic acids), estimated as 1 − the overall fractional deposition rate, was 0.546. It is concluded that the high degree of FA unsaturation, high oxidation rate of LA and LNA, and poor synthesis of ARA from LA and of docosahexaenoic acid from LNA found in the suckling piglet might increase the energy cost of whole-body fat accretion, a contributor to the observed low efficiency of use of milk energy for growth.

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Dietary α‐linolenic acid increases the n−3 PUFA content of sow's milk and the tissues of the suckling piglet

Cited by 35 publications

References 30 publications

Effect of different contents of extruded linseed in the sow diet on piglet fatty acid composition and hepatic desaturase expression during the post-natal period

Effect of different contents of extruded linseed in the sow diet on piglet fatty acid composition and hepatic desaturase expression during the post-natal period

The composition of milk from Bolivian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis)

Utilization of milk fatty acids by the suckling Iberian piglets

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