Dietary vitamin C and its derivatives affect immune responses in grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon

Effect of replacement of fish meal by meat and bone meal and poultry by-product meal in diets on the growth and immune response of Macrobrachium nipponense

“…In our present study, the total haemocyte count of M. nipponense varied from 18:00G4:79!10 4 to 27:50G3:18!10 4 cells ml ÿ1 (meansGSE). It was lower than those reported in M. rosenbergii [16] and P. monodon [40]. This could be partly attributed to the lower rearing temperature in our experiment.…”

“…However, the highest PO activity was observed in the control group. Lee and Shiau [40] reported the depressing effect of the high level supplementation of C2MP-Mg on the PO activity in P. monodon. In the present study, Mg 2+ contents in different diets were similar.…”

“…It is well known that O 2 ÿ production can be affected by environmental factors [7] and can be enhanced by treatment with immunostimulants [46], but the effect of nutritional factors on O 2 ÿ production has received little attention. Lee and Shiau [40] first reported that intracellular superoxide anion production of the haemocytes in P. monodon fed diets containing ascorbate supplements was approximately 1.27e2.24 times higher than that of shrimp fed unsupplemented diets. It has been demonstrated that O 2 ÿ generation by shrimp P. stylirostris [14] or oyster Crassostrea gigas [48] haemocytes depended on the presence of NADPH oxidase enzyme, a cell membrane-bound enzyme.…”

Effect of environmental parameters on immune response of the Indian spiny lobster, Panulirus homarus (Linnaeus, 1758)

“…Respiratory burst activity of haemocytes was quantified using the reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) to formazan as a measure of super oxide anion production [22,23]. One hundred ml haemolymph was diluted with 400 ml of anticoagulant and was centrifuged at 300 Â g at 4 C for 10 min.…”

“…NBT (100 ml, 0.3% in MCHBBS) was added to the haemolymph and incubated for 30 min at 37 C. The staining reaction was terminated by removing the NBT solution and adding absolute methanol. After three washes with 70% methanol, the haemocytes were air dried and coated with a solution of 120 ml 2M KOH and 140 ml dimethyl sulfoxide were added to dissolve the cytoplasmic formazan [22,23]. The optical densities of the dissolved cytoplasmic formazan were measured at 630 nm with a Bio-tek (EL 800) microplate reader.…”