Dietary vitamin A requirement of juvenile Wuchang bream ( Megalobrama amblycephala ) determined by growth and disease resistance

Dietary vitamin A requirement ofSillago sihamaForskál

“…Consistently, the poorer appetite and lower WG and SGR was found in the group fed 18,932 IU VA/kg diet. Furthermore, decrease in HSI and PER as well as increase in FCR also happened in the fish fed higher vitamin A level of 8,230–18,932 IU/kg, and similar results have been shown before (Liu et al., ; Ornsrud et al., ; Wen et al., ). The significant decrease in HSI in the control group was in agreement with the study on juvenile Jian carp (Yang et al., ).…”

“…The significant decrease in HSI in the control group was in agreement with the study on juvenile Jian carp (Yang et al., ). The CF of juvenile Wuchang bream was not affected by dietary vitamin A (Liu et al., ). However, the higher vitamin A level of 8,230–18,932 IU/kg decreased the CF.…”

“…The liver was removed from the other five fish from each aquarium and pooled to determine vitamin A concentration. High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the exact vitamin A content of diets and liver (Liu et al., ).…”

“…It plays an important role in vision (Kemp, Jacobson, Faulkner & Walt, ; Tajmir‐Riahi, Agudelo & Bourassa, ), immunity (Jason et al., ; Yang, Yuan, Tao & Wang, ), growth (Guimarães, Pezzato, Santos, Orsi & Barros, ; Liu et al., ), oxidation resistance (Battisti et al., ; Jin et al., ; Zaidi & Banu, ), and even glucose or lipid metabolism (Howell & Chen, ; Li, Li, Chen & Chen, ; Li, Liu & Chen, ; Shao et al., ; Wei & Guoxun, ; Yang et al., ). Nutritional requirements of vitamin A have been widely studied in marine or freshwater aquatic animal, such as juvenile Grass Shrimp ( Penaeus monodon ; Shiau & Chen, ), juvenile greasy grouper ( Epinephelus tauvina ; Mohamed et al., ), Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ; Guimarães, Lim, Yildirim‐Aksoy, Li & Klesius, ), juvenile Wuchang bream ( Megalobrama amblycephala ; Liu et al., ), and juvenile orange spotted grouper, ( Epinephelus coioides ; Yang et al., ). Any nutrient absent or superfluous can do damage to the biological health, which includes the vitamin A. Vitamin A deficiency can suppress the immune function, growth, feed utilization, and cause skeletal malformations of fish (David et al., ; Liu et al., ; Shao et al., ; Zhang et al., ).…”

“…Nutritional requirements of vitamin A have been widely studied in marine or freshwater aquatic animal, such as juvenile Grass Shrimp ( Penaeus monodon ; Shiau & Chen, ), juvenile greasy grouper ( Epinephelus tauvina ; Mohamed et al., ), Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ; Guimarães, Lim, Yildirim‐Aksoy, Li & Klesius, ), juvenile Wuchang bream ( Megalobrama amblycephala ; Liu et al., ), and juvenile orange spotted grouper, ( Epinephelus coioides ; Yang et al., ). Any nutrient absent or superfluous can do damage to the biological health, which includes the vitamin A. Vitamin A deficiency can suppress the immune function, growth, feed utilization, and cause skeletal malformations of fish (David et al., ; Liu et al., ; Shao et al., ; Zhang et al., ). Hypervitaminosis A leads to mortality, vertebral deformities, and decreased growth (David et al., ; Ornsrud, Graff, Hoie, Totland & Hemre, ) because of toxicity probably.…”