Dietary supplementation with monosodium glutamate enhances milk production by lactating sows and the growth of suckling piglets

Rezaei, Reza; Gabriel, Ana San; Wu, Guoyao

doi:10.1007/s00726-022-03147-3

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Similarly, dietary supplementation with BCAAs reduced oxidative stress in both rats with liver cirrhosis [73] and exercising humans [74]. Taken together, these functional AAs are expected to play an important role in improving the growth of neonatal pigs and the efficiency of milk utilization [75][76][77][78].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary supplementation with branched-chain amino acids enhances milk production by lactating sows and the growth of suckling piglets

Rezaei

Gabriel

2022

J Animal Sci Biotechnol

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Background Under current dietary regimens, milk production by lactating sows is insufficient to sustain the maximal growth of their piglets. As precursors of glutamate and glutamine as well as substrates and activators of protein synthesis, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) have great potential for enhancing milk production by sows. Methods Thirty multiparous sows were assigned randomly into one of three groups: control (a corn- and soybean meal-based diet), the basal diet + 1.535% BCAAs; and the basal diet + 3.07% BCAAs. The ratio (g/g) among the supplemental L-isoleucine, L-leucine and L-valine was 1.00:2.56:1.23. Diets were made isonitrogenous by the addition of appropriate amounts of L-alanine. Lactating sows had free access to drinking water and their respective diets. The number of live-born piglets was standardized to 9 per sow at d 0 of lactation (the day of parturition). On d 3, 15 and 29 of lactation, body weights and milk consumption of piglets were measured, and blood samples were obtained from sows and piglets 2 h and 1 h after feeding and nursing, respectively. Results Feed intake did not differ among the three groups of sows. Concentrations of asparagine, glutamate, glutamine, citrulline, arginine, proline, BCAAs, and many other amino acids were greater (P < 0.05) in the plasma of BCAA-supplemented sows and their piglets than those in the control group. Compared with the control, dietary supplementation with 1.535% and 3.07% BCAAs increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of free and protein-bound BCAAs, glutamate plus glutamine, aspartate plus asparagine, and many other amino acids in milk; milk production by 14% and 21%, respectively; daily weight gains of piglets by 19% and 28%, respectively, while reducing preweaning mortality rates by 50% and 70%, respectively. Conclusion Dietary supplementation with up to 3.07% BCAAs enhanced milk production by lactating sows, and the growth and survival of their piglets.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary supplementation with branched-chain amino acids enhances milk production by lactating sows and the growth of suckling piglets

Rezaei

Gabriel

2022

J Animal Sci Biotechnol

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“…The average litter size of sows was 12.4 piglets at birth. Throughout the gestation and lactation periods, sows had free access to water and corn-soybean meal-based diets 18 that met the National Research Council (NRC) 19 requirements. On postnatal days 0, 7, 14, and 21, six piglets for each day of age with average body weights of 1.41 ± 0.12 (normal birth weight), 2.57 ± 0.09, 4.13 ± 0.16, and 5.51 ± 0.34 kg, respectively, were selected randomly for tissue collection.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of glycine from 4-hydroxyproline in tissues of neonatal pigs

Hu,

He,

Bazer

et al. 2023

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

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Glycine from sow’s milk only meets 20% of the requirement of suckling piglets. However, how glycine is synthesized endogenously in neonates is not known. This study determined glycine synthesis from 4-hydroxyproline (an abundant amino acid in milk and neonatal blood) in tissues of sow-reared piglets with normal birth weights. Piglets were euthanized at 0, 7, 14 and 21 days of age, and their tissues were used to determine glycine synthesis from 0 to 5 mM 4-hydroxyproline, activities and mRNA expression of key glycine-synthetic enzymes, and their cell-specific localization. Activities of 4-hydroxyproline oxidase (OH-POX), proline oxidase (POX), serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT), threonine dehydrogenase (TDH), alanine:glyoxylate transaminase (AGT), and 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate aldolase (HOA) occurred in the kidneys and liver from all age groups of piglets, and in the pancreas of 7- to 21-day-old piglets. Activities of OH-POX and HOA were absent from the small intestine of newborn pigs but present in the small intestine of 7- to 21-day-old piglets and in the skeletal muscle of 14- to 21-day-old piglets. Between days 0 and 21 of age, the enzymatic activities of OH-POX, AGT, and HOA decreased in the liver and kidneys but increased in the pancreas and small intestine with age. The mRNA levels of these three enzymes changed in a manner similar to their enzymatic activities. In contrast to OH-POX, AGT, and HOA, the enzymatic activities of POX, SHMT, and TDH were present in the kidneys, liver, and intestine of all age groups of piglets. Glycine was synthesized from 0.1 to 5 mM 4-hydroxyproline in the liver and kidney from 0- to 21-day-old piglets, as well as the pancreas, small intestine, and skeletal muscle from 14- to 21-day-old piglets in a concentration-dependent manner. Collectively, our findings indicate that 4-hydroxyproline is used for the synthesis of glycine in tissues of piglets to compensate for the deficiency of glycine in milk.

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“…Data on amino acid profiles in whole piglet body composition and cow, goat, and human milk were collected from published studies [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. Cow and goat milk nearly account for nearly 85% of the global production of milk and dairy products for human consumption, and humans share similar metabolic and digestive processes with pigs [32][33][34].…”

Section: Data Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure1. Amino acid profile of sow milk across studies (% of total amino acids, the black spot were the data collected from the studies shown in Table1)(Wu et al, 1994, Csapó et al, 1996, Kim et al, 2004, Beyer et al, 2007, Mudd et al, 2016, Rezaei et al, 2022.…”

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confidence: 99%

Peculiarities in the Amino Acid Composition of Sow Colostrum and Milk, and Their Potential Relevance to Piglet Development

Yao

Cools

Matthijs

et al. 2023

Veterinary Sciences

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The composition of mother’s milk is considered the ideal diet for neonates. This study investigated how conserved or variable the amino acid profile of sow colostrum and milk is throughout lactation, compared with other studies in sows and other species. Twenty-five sows (parity one to seven) from one farm with gestation lengths of 114 to 116 d were sampled on d 0, 3, and 10 after parturition. The total amino acid profile of the samples was analyzed through ion-exchange chromatography, and the results were displayed as the percentage of total amino acid and compared with literature data. Most of the amino acid concentrations in sow milk decreased significantly (p < 0.05) throughout the lactation period, while the amino acid profile generally showed a conserved pattern, especially from d 3 to d 10, and was rather similar across different studies. Glutamine + glutamate was the most abundant amino acid in milk at all sampling moments, accounting for 14–17% of total amino acids. The proportions of proline, valine, and glycine in sow milk nearly accounted for 11%, 7%, and 6% respectively, and were higher compared to human, cow, and goat milk, while the methionine proportion was less than the other three. Compared to the large variations often reported in macronutrient concentrations, the amino acid profile of sow milk in the present study, as well as in others, seems well conserved across the lactation period. Similarities with characteristic differences were also observed between sow milk and piglet body composition, which might reflect the nutrition requirements of preweaning piglets. This study warrants further research exploring the link between the whole amino acid profile and the particular amino acids for suckling piglets and could facilitate insight for optimizing creep feed.

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Dietary supplementation with monosodium glutamate enhances milk production by lactating sows and the growth of suckling piglets

Cited by 15 publications

References 52 publications

Dietary supplementation with branched-chain amino acids enhances milk production by lactating sows and the growth of suckling piglets

Dietary supplementation with branched-chain amino acids enhances milk production by lactating sows and the growth of suckling piglets

Synthesis of glycine from 4-hydroxyproline in tissues of neonatal pigs

Peculiarities in the Amino Acid Composition of Sow Colostrum and Milk, and Their Potential Relevance to Piglet Development

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