Dietary supplementation with low and high polymerization inulin ameliorates adipose tissue inflammation via the TLR4/NF-κB pathway mediated by gut microbiota disturbance in obese dogs

Sweet triterpenoid glycoside from Cyclocarya paliurus ameliorates obesity-induced insulin resistance through inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammatory pathway

“…It has recently found that the inflammatory activation of adipose tissue and the expression and secretion of inflammatory mediators and inflammatory factors play an extremely important role in IR, while TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway is closely related to this process ( Sánchez-Tapia et al, 2019 ; Lu et al, 2022 ). After confirming CPST improves IR of the HFD mice, we next explored its potential mechanism through the signaling pathway.…”

“…An increasing body of evidence suggests that the adipose tissue is considered to be one of the most important endocrine organs involved in the regulation of the inflammatory response, closely related to the inflammation caused by obesity ( Gonzalez-Muniesa et al, 2017 ; Jorquera et al, 2021 ; Kojta et al, 2020 ), which is the main cause of IR and other obesity related metabolic diseases ( Roberts-Toler, O'Neill and Cypess, 2015 ). In recent years, scholars have found that the activated toll like receptor 4/nuclear factor κB/NOD like receptor protein 3 (TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3) signaling pathway plays an extremely important role in the inflammatory activation of adipose tissue and the expression and secretion of inflammatory mediators and inflammatory factors ( Griffin et al, 2018 ; Lu et al, 2022 ; Sánchez-Tapia et al, 2019 ). On the one hand, a large number of fat factors and saturated fatty acids generated in patients of obesity-induced IR can boost TLR4, and promote NF-κB activation, increase the expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), etc.…”

The Leap of Inulin Fructans from Food Industry to Medical Application

“…[105] It may be by improving the TLR4/NF-kB pathway mediated by GM disorders, thereby reducing inflammation in adipose tissue. [106] Inulin also increases levels of antimicrobial peptides Reg3gs in the gut and circulation, improves glucose tolerance, and affects gut function and energy balance. [107] Interestingly, inulin intake, when combined with physical exercise, increased inulin metabolism, reduced liver enzymes and plasma cholesterol, improved glucose tolerance, and reduced BMI in obese individuals.…”

“…The ameliorative effect of inulin on GM disorder can induce the production of interleukin‐22 (IL‐22), gut cell proliferation and antibacterial gene expression, and resist the invasion of harmful microbiota and metabolites, so as to prevent obesity caused by high fat diet [105] . It may be by improving the TLR4/NF‐kB pathway mediated by GM disorders, thereby reducing inflammation in adipose tissue [106] . Inulin also increases levels of antimicrobial peptides Reg3gs in the gut and circulation, improves glucose tolerance, and affects gut function and energy balance [107] .…”

Molecular mechanisms of metabolic disease-associated hepatic inflammation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

“…Extrahepatic inflammatory factors can contribute to the onset and progression of NAFLD, such as adipokines [21] and gut hormones [22]. For example, pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted from adipose tissues and intestinal epithelium cells, such as IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α can transfer into the liver to induce immune cell activation [23,24].…”