Dietary Supplementation of Auricularia auricula-judae Polysaccharides Alleviate Nutritional Obesity in Mice via Regulating Inflammatory Response and Lipid Metabolism

Abstract

The incidence of lipid metabolism disorder and obesity that is caused by high-calorie diets is increasing year by year, which has become an urgent global health problem. This study was performed to explore the intervention effects of polysaccharides that were extracted from Auricularia auricula-judae resources in the Qinba Mountain area on nutritional obesity in C57BL/6J mice that was induced by high fat and high fructose diets (HFFD) and to investigate their underlying molecular mechanisms. The results showed that dietary supplementation of Auricularia auricula-judae polysaccharides (AAP) significantly improved mice’s insulin resistance state, altered serum lipid metabolites, and slowed down body weight gain that was induced by HFFD. In addition, AAP supplementation decreased inflammatory factor levels and alleviated liver histomorphology changes. Furthermore, AAP down-regulated liver adipogenic-related gene expressions, suppressed cholesterol synthesis-related gene levels, up-regulated fatty acid β-oxidation-related gene expressions, and promoted cholesterol efflux-related gene expressions, thus improving mice hepatic lipid metabolism homeostasis. Moreover, the intervention effects were closely related to mitochondrial function. These results provide a scientific basis for the further development and utilization of Auricularia auricula-judae resources in the Qinba Mountain area.

Structure Characterization, Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Activities of Polysaccharide from Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn

“…Polysaccharides from botanical resources have received increasing interest from the world because of their novel structures and diverse bioactivities without harm on the growth of normal cells [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. The bioactivities of polysaccharides are related to their physicochemical properties, including monosaccharide composition, molecular weight, glycosidic bonds, as well as their main-chain and side-chain conformations.…”

Puerarin ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver in rats by regulating hepatic lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, and inflammation

“…When mitochondria produce a large amount of ROS due to excessive oxidation, the nuclear factor kappa-B signaling pathway will be activated, a large amount of lipotoxic substances will be produced, and then inflammatory factors will be activated ( 49 ). Lipotoxicity activates numerous inflammatory factors, such as interleukins (IL-1β and IL-18) and TNF-α ( 50 , 51 ). The occurrence of inflammatory response promotes oxidative stress, thus forming a vicious circle.…”

Effects of Auricularia auricula Polysaccharides on Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Phenotype in Mice

“…Bacteroides effectively degraded fructan [ 38 ]; and xylan was metabolized by Prevotella bryantii [ 39 ]. In this study, the polysaccharides of Auricularia auricula from the Qinba Mountains prepared by hot water extraction was mainly composed of mannose (the relative molar percentage of mannose, glucuronic acid and xylose is 60.87: 20.83:9.86) [ 4 ], and its regulating effect on intestinal flora may be closely related to mannose. Studies found that mannose is not only an important monosaccharide for protein glycosylation in mammals but also an inefficient source of cell energy.…”

“…Then, ethanol was added at a ratio of 1:4 (volume fraction), and alcohol precipitation was carried out for 12 h. The precipitates were separated under 10,000 r/min for 10 min, and fully dissolved in distilled water. After removing protein 4–5 times though the sevage (dichloromethane: n-butanol = 4:1, v / v ) method, cellophane, with a molecular cut-off of 3000 Da, was used for dialysis in flowing tap water for 3 consecutive days, after which the solution was concentrated, freeze-dried, and bagged to obtain the AAP [ 4 ] (the relative mole percentage of mannose, glucuronic acid and xylose was 60.87:20.83:9.86).…”

“…As the saying goes “Little fungus, big industry”, the Shaanxi Qinba Mountains, with its dense forests, sufficient sunlight, humidity and large summer-to-autumn temperature variation is also suitable for Auricularia auricula [ 3 ]. Polysaccharides, one of the most important active components in the fruiting body of Auricularia auricula , have strong antioxidant, immune regulation, weight-reduction, and fat-decreasing properties [ 4 , 5 ]. Although many recent studies have focused on using Auricularia auricula extract to prevent and treat metabolic and other disorders and as a cooking ingredient, its effect and potential mechanism on a healthy body remain unclear.…”