Dietary sodium intake in young Korean adults and its relationship with eating frequency and taste preference

Shim, Eug Ene; Ryu, Ha Jung; Hwang, Jin; Kim, Soo Yeon; Chung, Eun Jee

doi:10.4162/nrp.2013.7.3.192

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 50 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…However, there is little evidence about whether salt taste perception is associated with actual salt intake. Moreover, several previous studies have shown controversial results ( 12 , 13 ). Another simple method to measure salt preference is a person's subjective salt-eating habit.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Not Salt Taste Perception but Self-Reported Salt Eating Habit Predicts Actual Salt Intake

et al. 2014

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Excessive dietary salt intake is related to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although dietary salt restriction is essential, it is difficult to achieve because of salt palatability. However, the association between salt perception or salt eating habit and actual salt intake remains uncertain. In this study, we recruited 74 healthy young individuals. We investigated their salt-eating habits by questionnaire and salt taste threshold through a rating scale that used serial dilution of a sodium chloride solution. Predicted 24-hr urinary salt excretions using Kawasaki's and Tanaka's equations estimated dietary salt intake. Participants' mean age was 35 yr, and 59.5% were male. Salt sense threshold did not show any relationship with actual salt intake and a salt-eating habit. However, those eating "salty" foods showed higher blood pressure (P for trend=0.048) and higher body mass index (BMI; P for trend=0.043). Moreover, a salty eating habit was a significant predictor for actual salt intake (regression coefficient [β] for Kawasaki's equation 1.35, 95% confidence interval [CI] 10-2.69, P=0.048; β for Tanaka's equation 0.66, 95% CI 0.01-1.31, P=0.047). In conclusion, a self-reported salt-eating habit, not salt taste threshold predicts actual salt intake.Graphical Abstract

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Not Salt Taste Perception but Self-Reported Salt Eating Habit Predicts Actual Salt Intake

et al. 2014

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“…Our result is clinically meaningful to confirm the harmful effects of a high level of dietary sodium intake in children. The average sodium intake of both the suspected NAFLD and healthy control groups was higher than the recommended reference daily intake, which has been widely reported in studies of adult subjects [45,46]. The possible underlying cause is the Korean preference for high sodium food such as soup, ramen, pickled food and kimchi [45,46].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Analysis of the dietary factors associated with suspected pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and potential liver fibrosis: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014-2017

Kim

Lee

2020

BMC Pediatr

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Background: The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has increased as the obese pediatric population has increased. NAFLD causes progressive liver injury and the only effective treatment is lifestyle modifications. However, few studies have examined the dietary risk factors for pediatric NAFLD or liver fibrosis. Here, we evaluated the dietary factors associated with suspected NAFLD and potential liver fibrosis in Korean children. Methods: Data collected from 1674 children and adolescents aged 10-18 years during the 2014-2017 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys analyzed. The 24-h recall method measured the food consumed 1 day before the survey. The "suspected NAFLD" group included excessive body mass index (BMI) subjects ≥ 85th percentile) with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels exceeding the upper normal limit (24.1 U/L for boys and 17.7 U/L for girls); the "healthy control" group included subjects with a BMI and ALT level below these thresholds. Sodium intake was assessed by the urinary sodium-to-urinary specific gravity unit ratio (U-Na-to-SGU ratio). A pediatric NAFLD index (PNFI) higher than 3 indicated potential liver fibrosis. Results: The overall prevalence of suspected NAFLD and potential liver fibrosis was 8.2 and 4.5%, respectively. The suspected NAFLD group had a larger proportion of males and subject with a greater height, BMI standard deviation score (BMI-SDS), systolic and diastolic blood pressure SDS, waist circumference, hemoglobin A1c, and levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and ALT than the control group. The suspected NAFLD group presented significantly higher U-Na-to-SGU ratios and cholesterol intake. The PNFI > 3 subgroup included a significantly larger proportion of males and subjects with higher BMI-SDS, AST and ALT values, and intake of water, carbohydrate, protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamin B2. After adjusting for confounders, male, BMI-SDS, AST, and protein and carbohydrate intake were independent risk factors for potential liver fibrosis. Niacin intake was an independent protective factor for potential liver fibrosis.

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“…Potential examples which explain the gender difference in sodium intake include findings in males of increased frequency of eating out, larger portion sizes, and higher salty taste preference [49–51]. A primary reason may be the difference in energy intake between males and females.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Predicting Sodium Intake of Korean Americans with Type 2 Diabetes

Kim

Timmerman³

et al. 2017

J Immigrant Minority Health

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The increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its complications including cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease threaten Korean Americans (KAs). High dietary sodium intake contributes to both conditions. The purpose of the study was to assess dietary sodium consumption and to examine the predictors of sodium intake among KA with T2DM. A total 232 KA who had uncontrolled diabetes participated in this study. The majority of the sample (69%) consumed more sodium than current national guidelines. A high level of energy intake was the strongest predictor for sodium intake with gender and marital status also related. Our findings identified predictive factors to excessive sodium intake and these data support the need for culturally-tailored education about appropriate dietary sodium and energy intake are needed for patients about T2DM.

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Dietary sodium intake in young Korean adults and its relationship with eating frequency and taste preference

Cited by 17 publications

References 50 publications

Not Salt Taste Perception but Self-Reported Salt Eating Habit Predicts Actual Salt Intake

Not Salt Taste Perception but Self-Reported Salt Eating Habit Predicts Actual Salt Intake

Analysis of the dietary factors associated with suspected pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and potential liver fibrosis: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014-2017

Factors Predicting Sodium Intake of Korean Americans with Type 2 Diabetes

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