Dietary Sodium, Adiposity, and Inflammation in Healthy Adolescents

Abstract

WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: High sodium intake is considered an indirect cause of obesity because it is often accompanied by higher energy intake and sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption. High sodium intake is associated with increased inflammatory response in adult patients. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:This study shows that high sodium intake is positively associated with adiposity, leptin, and tumor necrosis factor-a independent of total energy intake and sugarsweetened soft drink consumption in healthy white and African American adolescents. abstract OBJECTIVES: To determine the relationships of sodium intake with adiposity and inflammation in healthy adolescents. METHODS:A cross-sectional study involved 766 healthy white and African American adolescents aged 14 to 18 years. Dietary sodium intake was estimated by 7-day 24-hour dietary recall. Percent body fat was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue and visceral adipose tissue were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging. Fasting blood samples were measured for leptin, adiponectin, C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-a, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. RESULTS:The average sodium intake was 3280 mg/day. Ninety-seven percent of our adolescents exceeded the American Heart Association recommendation for sodium intake. Multiple linear regressions revealed that dietary sodium intake was independently associated with body weight (b = 0. No relation was found between dietary sodium intake and visceral adipose tissue, skinfold thickness, adiponectin, C-reactive protein, or intercellular adhesion molecule-1. All the significant associations persisted after correction for multiple testing (all false discovery rates , 0.05). CONCLUSIONS:The mean sodium consumption of our adolescents is as high as that of adults and more than twice the daily intake recommended by the American Heart Association. High sodium intake is positively associated with adiposity and inflammation independent of total energy intake and sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption. Pediatrics 2014;133:e635-e642

The association between dietary sodium intake and adiposity, inflammation, and hormone markers: A preliminary study

“…Earlier studies reported that dietary sodium intake was associated with body size including body weight, BMI, and overweight, 7,8 and additional evidence has suggested that increased sodium intake could alter markers for inflammation responses. 12,29 In the current study, however, dietary sodium intake did not show a significant influence on body weight, BMI, percent body fat, visceral fat area, or waist or hip circumference, and these insignificant associations held even when we considered total energy and dietary intake and lifestyle factors. These limited associations could have resulted from the obesity levels of the study participants.…”

“…10,11 Furthermore, although there are inconsistencies, dietary sodium intake was associated with body mass index (BMI) and overweight. 7,12 This suggests that dietary sodium plays an intricate physiological role in obesity as well as human metabolism. Recent studies reported that excess sodium intake may affect innate immunity.…”

Relationship of sodium intake with obesity among Korean children and adolescents: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

“…In addition to the traditionally recognised health effects of high Na intake, obesity has recently gained much interest as another possible related health outcome (5) . Although several studies including a longitudinal study have reported significant associations between Na intake and obesity among adults (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14) , relatively limited evidence is available among children and adolescents (15)(16)(17)(18) . Investigation of the associations between Na intake and obesity, however, has been limited by weakness of assessment methods of both Na intake and obesity.…”

Prevalencia de las declaraciones nutricionales en la prevención de la obesidad en el mercado español

“…(32) relacionan un consumo elevado de sal de manera indirecta con el exceso de peso, otros estudios como los de Zhu y cols. (33) han encontrado una asociación positiva entre una alta ingesta de sodio y varias medidas de la obesidad como: el peso, la circunferencia de la cintura, el porcentaje de grasa corporal, entre otros indicadores. Por lo tanto, teniendo en cuenta la evidencia antes mencionada determinamos que las DN relevantes para la prevención de la obesidad son las relativas a las grasas, especialmente las saturadas (34,35), los azúcares, la fibra alimentaria y la sal.…”