Dietary Salt Intake: History, Assessment, and Benefit in Hypertensive Treatment

Abstract

Multiple lines of investigation including genetic, epidemiological, and interventional studies have demonstrated consistently a positive relationship between salt intake, blood pressure (BP) increment, and cardiovascular consequences. In addition, it has been documented that excessive salt intake can be attributed to various health complications such as asthma, osteoporosis, obesity, and gastric cancer. On the contrary, a reduction in salt intake has been shown to reduce BP and improve health outcomes, although the evidence is not completely unequivocal. Despite this discrepancy, a lowsodium diet is widely being recommended to all hypertensive patients in particular, as evidence against its efficacy in conjunction with optimum hypertensive treatment is well established. Determination of salt intake among hypertensive patients is important since dietary salt restriction had been proven to improve BP control in conjunction with optimum pharmacological management. Various methods have been used to estimate sodium intake includes 24-hrs urinary sodium, overnight urinary sodium, spot urinary sodium/creatinine ratio, and dietary survey methods. Reducing population salt intake has been proven to be beneficial, preventing millions of deaths from cardiovascular disease and stroke, and reducing the burden on health services. Many individual countries around the globe have already taken action against reducing population salt intake. These strategies were either led by government, nongovernment organizations, or industry.

Blood Pressure Profiles Among East Bongas and West Bongas People in Effort and Support From Universitas Padjadjaran and the Regent of Majalengka Regency and Chieves of the Villages

“…Furthermore, based on pre-clinical and clinical data were reported the excess dietary sodium intake caused unwanted effects on the metabolism of calcium and bone, asthma, kidney, heart, and brain [20]. Data in table 2 showed the prevalence of pre-HT is the highest among all the classification groups.…”

Umami detection threshold among children of different ethnicities and its correlation with various indices of obesity and blood pressure

“…This may be due partly to the existence of similar sodium components in monosodium glutamate (Na-glutamate) and salt (Na-chloride). Excessive intake of salt can contribute to elevated blood pressure and may cause hypertension ( Raj et al, 2016 ), whereas the impact of MSG intake on hypertension remains unclear. In East and Southeast Asian countries the dietary intake of MSG was higher than those reported in Western diet.…”

Effect of reducing sodium chloride based on the sensory properties of meat products and the improvement strategies employed: a review

“…However, salt is a vital component for maintaining human life as it helps to maintain adequate water balance in the body. Therefore, consuming an appropriate amount of salt is essential for the maintenance of good health [ 2 ].…”

“…The highest salt concentration that indicates the control, and the suggested condition for reducing or replacing sodium chloride are presented in parentheses according to the references 2. The sodium reduction amount was not expressed if this amount was not measured in the study.…”