Dietary risk of milk contaminated with lead and cadmium in areas near mining-metallurgical industries in the Central Andes of Peru

Castro-Bedriñana, Jorge; Chirinos-Peinado, Doris; Ríos-Ríos, Elva; Machuca-Campuzano, María; Gómez-Ventura, Elvis

doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112382

Cited by 15 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…The health risk of dietary exposure to Pb and Cu is higher in children compared to adults, due to the more frequent consumption of milk and the peculiarities of children's metabolism. A study in Peru found a dietary hazard ratio for Pb and Cd <1 for milk consumption for individuals over 19 years of age [13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Average Daily Consumption of Foods and of Foods Accumulating Lead and Cadmium in Young People

Birdanova¹,

Stoilova²,

Ruseva³

et al. 2023

JofIMAB

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Purpose of the study is to investigate food consumption in young people and the contribution of food to heavy metal pollution. Methods: The object of the study are 60 healthy young people aged 19-29 years (average age – 23,9 ± 2,6) from Pleven and the Pleven district. Assessment of food intake was made according to A two-day, 24-hour diet recall method and Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) method. A documentary method was used to assess the content of heavy metals- data provided by the Food Chain Risk Assessment Centre Data provided by the Food Chain Risk Assessment Centre. 2,471 food samples were analyzed for lead and cadmium over a 7-year period. Result: The food group importing complex carbohydrates could have a probable contribution to the dietary exposure to Pb and Cd, as they are consumed in the recommended amounts, although no content of lead and cadmium above the maximum permissible amounts was found in the studied foods. Intake of vegetables and fruits is significantly below recommended - vegetables and fruits would likely contribute to dietary exposure to Pb and Cd provided they were consumed as recommended. The average daily intake of dairy products is compared to the references. Game meat and offal could contribute to dietary exposure to both heavy metals, but these were also not consumed by the respondents. Fish and seafood likely contribute to dietary exposure to heavy metals, but their consumption is low and significantly below recommendations. Conclusion: The obtained results confirm the importance of a healthy food model for the protection of human health, including protection from chemical hazards in food.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Average Daily Consumption of Foods and of Foods Accumulating Lead and Cadmium in Young People

Birdanova¹,

Stoilova²,

Ruseva³

et al. 2023

JofIMAB

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“…The feed and water can, in turn, be contaminated through the soil via sewage sludge used as fertilizer, artificial fertilizers, metals used in fungicidal agents, and other agricultural chemicals, and also via wastewater from various industries. The risk of milk becoming contaminated is particularly high in areas affected by anthropogenic pollution, such as smelting or mining areas and highly industrialized regions, allowing for the transfer of metal contamination to the atmosphere, soil, water, animal feed, animals and their products, and finally to humans [2,3,5,[8][9][10]. In the case of Pb, milk can become contaminated when cows graze and drink water at roadsides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Affecting Toxic and Essential Trace Element Concentrations in Cow’s Milk Produced in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil

Oliveira Filho,

López-Alonso,

Vieira Marcolino

et al. 2023

Animals

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The aim of this study was to provide information on the levels of toxic (Cd and Pb) and essential (Cu, Fe, and Zn) elements in cow’s milk produced in the State of Pernambuco (Brazil). A total of 142 samples of raw milk were collected, and the concentrations of essential and toxic elements were determined using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. In almost 30% of the samples analyzed, the Pb content exceeded the maximum level established in the Brazilian legislation (0.05 mg/L). By contrast, in all the samples, the Cd content was below the maximum allowable level (0.02 mg/L). The essential trace elements Cu, Fe, and Zn were generally present at lower concentrations than reported in other studies and can be considered within the deficient range for cow’s milk. Statistical and chemometric procedures were used to evaluate the main factors influencing the metal concentrations (proximity to major roads, presence of effluents, and milking method). The study findings demonstrate that the proximity of the farms to major roads influences the concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Cu and that this is the main factor explaining the Pb content of milk. In addition, the presence of effluents influenced the concentrations of Cu, while no relationship between the metal content and the milking method was observed. Thus, in accordance with the study findings, the consumption of cow’s milk produced in the region can be considered a risk to public health due to the high concentrations of Pb and the low concentrations of other essential minerals such as Cu, Zn, and Fe in some of the milk samples.

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“…In a previous study, we evaluated the risk of Pb and Cd in milk from an area located 20 km from the La Oroya Metallurgical Complex [37] and there are no studies of risks from these metals in areas of greater livestock activity, such as the Mantaro basin, the main source of dairy products for large cities, where the population and the authorities are unaware of the health consequences of the accumulation of Pb and Cd in milk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead and Cadmium Bioaccumulation in Fresh Cow’s Milk in an Intermediate Area of the Central Andes of Peru and Risk to Human Health

Chirinos-Peinado

Castro-Bedriñana

Ríos-Ríos

et al. 2022

Toxics

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The dairy basin of the Mantaro River located in the centre of Peru faces serious anthropogenic disturbances as it receives emissions and discharges from the metallurgical mining activity located in the headwaters of the basin and milk contaminated with lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) endangers the environmental and human health, especially children. To measure the concentrations of Pb and Cd in milk and the dangers of their consumption in the Peruvian population, 40 milk samples were collected and quantified by atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean concentration of Pb in milk was 15 ± 2.6 µg/kg, which represented 75% of the Maximum Limit (ML), and that of Cd was 505 ± 123 µg/kg, which exceeded the ML by more than 194 times. The estimated weekly intake of Pb for people aged 2–85 years was below the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) references, determining risk coefficients (CRD) < 1. Weekly Cd intake was much higher than the PTWIs and CRDs were between 14 and 34, indicating that consumers would experience carcinogenic health effects, with children being at higher risk than adults, therefore, milk from the area is not safe for consumption. Cd would be transferred mainly through the soil (water)-grass-milk pathway, due to its presence in irrigation water and in fertilizers that contain Cd. The main pathway for Pb entry would be air-soil (water)-milk grass, from the fine particles emitted into the air by the mining-metallurgical activity, developed approximately 90 km from the study area.

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Dietary risk of milk contaminated with lead and cadmium in areas near mining-metallurgical industries in the Central Andes of Peru

Cited by 15 publications

References 81 publications

Average Daily Consumption of Foods and of Foods Accumulating Lead and Cadmium in Young People

Average Daily Consumption of Foods and of Foods Accumulating Lead and Cadmium in Young People

Factors Affecting Toxic and Essential Trace Element Concentrations in Cow’s Milk Produced in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil

Lead and Cadmium Bioaccumulation in Fresh Cow’s Milk in an Intermediate Area of the Central Andes of Peru and Risk to Human Health

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