Dietary Reference Values for vitamin B6

,

doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4485

Cited by 30 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 213 publications

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“…Vitamin B 6 established requirements are 1.6 mg/day for women and 1.7 mg/day for men, with UL of 25 mg/day for both sexes (Table 1). Following the trend of the above analyzed vitamins, requirement values are increased in the case of being pregnant or lactating (1.8 and 1.7 mg/day, respectively) and PRI and UL are decreased for children and infants [102]. Data on Vitamin B 6 intake displayed in Table 2 show that most of the countries analyzed are at a similar population intake level% with requirements covered (around or over 100% value), with the exception of Denmark (86.2%).…”

Section: Vitamin Bmentioning

confidence: 79%

Current State of Evidence: Influence of Nutritional and Nutrigenetic Factors on Immunity in the COVID-19 Pandemic Framework

2020

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The pandemic caused by the new coronavirus has caused shock waves in many countries, producing a global health crisis worldwide. Lack of knowledge of the biological mechanisms of viruses, plus the absence of effective treatments against the disease (COVID-19) and/or vaccines have pulled factors that can compromise the proper functioning of the immune system to fight against infectious diseases into the spotlight. The optimal status of specific nutrients is considered crucial to keeping immune components within their normal activity, helping to avoid and overcome infections. Specifically, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) evaluated and deems six vitamins (D, A, C, Folate, B6, B12) and four minerals (zinc, iron, copper and selenium) to be essential for the normal functioning of the immune system, due to the scientific evidence collected so far. In this report, an update on the evidence of the contribution of nutritional factors as immune-enhancing aspects, factors that could reduce their bioavailability, and the role of the optimal status of these nutrients within the COVID-19 pandemic context was carried out. First, a non-systematic review of the current state of knowledge regarding the impact of an optimal nutritional status of these nutrients on the proper functioning of the immune system as well as their potential role in COVID-19 prevention/treatment was carried out by searching for available scientific evidence in PubMed and LitCovid databases. Second, a compilation from published sources and an analysis of nutritional data from 10 European countries was performed, and the relationship between country nutritional status and epidemiological COVID-19 data (available in the Worldometers database) was evaluated following an ecological study design. Furthermore, the potential effect of genetics was considered through the selection of genetic variants previously identified in Genome-Wide Association studies (GWAs) as influencing the nutritional status of these 10 considered nutrients. Therefore, access to genetic information in accessible databases (1000genomes, by Ensembl) of individuals from European populations enabled an approximation that countries might present a greater risk of suboptimal status of the nutrients studied. Results from the review approach show the importance of maintaining a correct nutritional status of these 10 nutrients analyzed for the health of the immune system, highlighting the importance of Vitamin D and iron in the context of COVID-19. Besides, the ecological study demonstrates that intake levels of relevant micronutrients—especially Vitamins D, C, B12, and iron—are inversely associated with higher COVID-19 incidence and/or mortality, particularly in populations genetically predisposed to show lower micronutrient status. In conclusion, nutrigenetic data provided by joint assessment of 10 essential nutrients for the functioning of the immune system and of the genetic factors that can limit their bioavailability can be a fundamental tool to help strengthen the immune system of individuals and prepare populations to fight against infectious diseases such as COVID-19.

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Section: Vitamin Bmentioning

confidence: 79%

Current State of Evidence: Influence of Nutritional and Nutrigenetic Factors on Immunity in the COVID-19 Pandemic Framework

2020

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“…The nutrient intakes were calculated as previously described [3,4], depending on the formula or milk consumed and compared to the DRVs set by the EFSA either as Average Requirement (AR) or as Adequate Intake (AI) [5,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]. The contribution of YCF to the nutrient intakes was calculated for each one by reporting the mean intake of this nutrient provided by the YCF relative to the mean total intake of that nutrient.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Young Child Formula in Ensuring a Balanced Diet in Young Children (1–3 Years Old)

Chouraqui

Turck

Tavoularis³

et al. 2019

Nutrients

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During the nutritional vulnerable period of 1–3 years of age, nutrient intake is often inadequate due to an unbalanced diet. Young child formula (YCF) has been proposed as a means of improving nutrition in this age group. We compared the food consumption and nutrient intake of 241 YCF consumers (YCF-C) to those of 206 non-consumers (YCF-NC), selected from among the children enrolled in the Nutri-Bébé survey, an observational cross-sectional survey, conducted from 3 January to 21 April 2013. Food consumption and nutrient intake were analyzed from a three-day dietary record. The YCF-C < 2 years group had a protein (−8 g/d; p < 0.0001) and sodium (−18%; p = 0.0003) intake that was lower than that of YCF-NC, but still above the respective EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) Average Requirement (AR) or Adequate Intake (AI). At all ages, the YCF-C group had higher intakes of essential fatty acids (p < 0.0001), vitamins C (p < 0.0001), A, D, and E (p < 0.0001), all B vitamins (p < 0.001) except B12, iron (9 vs. 5 mg/d, p < 0.0001), reaching the Dietary Reference Values (DRVs, AR or AI), but similar DHA and ARA intakes. Getting closer to the reference values proposed by EFSA required at least 360 mL/d of YCF. The consumption of YCF may help infants and children at risk of nutrient deficiencies to meet their nutritional requirements. However, protein, sodium, and vitamin A intakes remained above the EFSA DRVs, and DHA, ARA, and vitamin D remained below.

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“…FAD and FMN act as proton carriers in redox reactions involved in energy metabolism (Section 2.5), metabolic pathways and the formation of some vitamins and coenzymes (McCormick, 2000;SCF, 2000;Said and Ross, 2012). In particular, riboflavin is involved in the metabolism of niacin and vitamin B6 (McCormick, 1989(McCormick, , 2000EFSA NDA Panel, 2014a, 2016. FAD is also required as a cofactor for the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR; EC 1.7.99.5) that is a key enzyme in the folate cycle (EFSA NDA Panel, 2015b) and it is required for the formation of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate which, in turn, is involved in the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine (McKinley et al, 2001).…”

Section: Biochemical Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding other B-vitamins, riboflavin is involved in the metabolism of niacin and vitamin B6 (EFSA NDA Panel, 2014a, 2016 and FAD is also required by the MTHFR in the folate cycle (EFSA NDA Panel, 2015b) (Section 2.2.1).…”

Section: Interaction With Other Nutrientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Reference Values for riboflavin

Products¹,

Turck²,

Bresson³

et al. 2017

EFS2

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) derives dietary reference values (DRVs) for riboflavin. The Panel considers that the inflection point in the urinary riboflavin excretion curve in relation to riboflavin intake reflects body saturation and can be used as a biomarker of adequate riboflavin status. The Panel also considers that erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient is a useful biomarker, but has limitations. For adults, the Panel considers that average requirements (ARs) and population reference intakes (PRIs) can be determined from the weighted mean of riboflavin intake associated with the inflection point in the urinary riboflavin excretion curve reported in four intervention studies. PRIs are derived for adults and children assuming a coefficient of variation of 10%, in the absence of information on the variability in the requirement and to account for the potential effect of physical activity and the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677TT genotype. For adults, the AR and PRI are set at 1.3 and 1.6 mg/day. For infants aged 7-11 months, an adequate intake of 0.4 mg/day is set by upward extrapolation from the riboflavin intake of exclusively breastfed infants aged 0-6 months. For children, ARs are derived by downward extrapolation from the adult AR, applying allometric scaling and growth factors and considering differences in reference body weight. For children of both sexes aged 1-17 years, ARs range between 0.5 and 1.4 mg/day, and PRIs between 0.6 and 1.6 mg/day. For pregnant or lactating women, additional requirements are considered, to account for fetal uptake and riboflavin accretion in the placenta during pregnancy or the losses through breast milk, and PRIs of 1.9 and 2.0 mg/day, respectively, are derived.

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Dietary Reference Values for vitamin B6

Cited by 30 publications

References 213 publications

Current State of Evidence: Influence of Nutritional and Nutrigenetic Factors on Immunity in the COVID-19 Pandemic Framework

Current State of Evidence: Influence of Nutritional and Nutrigenetic Factors on Immunity in the COVID-19 Pandemic Framework

The Role of Young Child Formula in Ensuring a Balanced Diet in Young Children (1–3 Years Old)

Dietary Reference Values for riboflavin

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