Dietary reference values for vitamin K

Turck, Dominique; Bresson, Jean‐Louis; Burlingame, Barbara; Dean, Tara; Fairweather‐Tait, Susan J.; Heinonen, Markus; Hirsch‐Ernst, Karen Ildico; Mangelsdorf, Inge; McArdle, Harry J; Naska, Androniki; Nowicka, Grażyna; Pentieva, Kristina; Sanz, Yolanda; Siani, Alfonso; Sjödin, Anders; Stern, Martin; Tomé, Daniel; Loveren, Henk Van; Vinceti, Marco; Willatts, Peter; Lamberg‐Allardt, Christel; Przyrembel, Hildegard; Tetens, Inge; Dumas, Céline; Fabiani, Lucia; Ioannidou, Sofia; Neuhäuser‐Berthold, Monika

doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4780

Cited by 83 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 311 publications

(740 reference statements)

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“…Population-level analyses (in Europe and the USA) suggests ‘adequate’ intakes of vitamin K are suboptimal; all studies using vitamin K 1 supplementation appear to have given doses greater than the dietary recommendations for adequate vitamin K 1 (phylloquinone) intake of around one µg/kg phylloquinone per day 29. There is no available advice on recommended intake of K 2 , though K 2 is considered a more potent form than is K 1 ,30 and thus larger doses of K 1 than K 2 are likely to be required.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin K status, supplementation and vascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Lees

Witham

et al. 2018

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ObjectivesVascular stiffness (VS) and vascular calcification (VC) are surrogate markers of vascular health associated with cardiovascular events. Vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDP) are associated with VS and VC and require vitamin K for activity. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of: (1) the effect of vitamin K supplementation on VS and VC and (2) association of inactive VKDP levels with incident cardiovascular disease and mortality.MethodsTwo authors searched MEDLINE and Embase databases and Cochrane and ISRCTN registries for studies of vitamin K clinical trials that measured effects on VC, VS or VKDP and longitudinal studies assessing effect of VKDP on incident CVD or mortality. Random effects meta-analyses were performed.ResultsThirteen controlled clinical trials (n=2162) and 14 longitudinal studies (n=10 726) met prespecified inclusion criteria. Vitamin K supplementation was associated with significant reduction in VC (−9.1% (95% CI −17.7 to −0.5); p=0.04) and VKDP (desphospho-uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein; −44.7% (95% CI −65.1 to −24.3), p<0.0001) and uncarboxylated osteocalcin; −12.0% (95% CI −16.7 to −7.2), p<0.0001) compared with control, with a non-significant improvement in VS. In longitudinal studies with median follow-up of 7.8 (IQR 4.9–11.3) years, VKDP levels were associated with a combined endpoint of CVD or mortality (HR 0.45 (95% CI 0.07 to 0.83), p=0.02).ConclusionsSupplementation with vitamin K significantly reduced VC, but not VS, compared with control. The conclusions drawn are limited by small numbers of studies with substantial heterogeneity. VKDP was associated with combined endpoint of CVD or mortality. Larger clinical trials of effect of vitamin K supplementation to improve VC, VS and long-term cardiovascular health are warranted.Trial registration numberCRD42017060344.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin K status, supplementation and vascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Lees

Witham

et al. 2018

Heart

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“…Though, PK from collards and broccoli is more bioavailable than PK from spinach [11,12]. Dark green leafy vegetables are the main sources for dietary PK (e.g., collards, turnip, broccoli, spinach, kale), 70-700 µg/100 g, as well as several fruits (e.g., dried prunes, kiwifruit, avocado, blueberries, blackberries, grapes), 15-70 µg/100 g, and some nuts (pine nuts, cashews, pistachios), 10-75 µg/100 g [7,8]. In contrast, the main sources of VK2 are fermented foods, cheeses, eggs, and meats (Table 1) [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Vitamin K in Humans: Implication in Aging and Age-Associated Diseases

2021

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As human life expectancy is rising, the incidence of age-associated diseases will also increase. Scientific evidence has revealed that healthy diets, including good fats, vitamins, minerals, or polyphenolics, could have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, with antiaging effects. Recent studies demonstrated that vitamin K is a vital cofactor in activating several proteins, which act against age-related syndromes. Thus, vitamin K can carboxylate osteocalcin (a protein capable of transporting and fixing calcium in bone), activate matrix Gla protein (an inhibitor of vascular calcification and cardiovascular events) and carboxylate Gas6 protein (involved in brain physiology and a cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disease inhibitor). By improving insulin sensitivity, vitamin K lowers diabetes risk. It also exerts antiproliferative, proapoptotic, autophagic effects and has been associated with a reduced risk of cancer. Recent research shows that protein S, another vitamin K-dependent protein, can prevent the cytokine storm observed in COVID-19 cases. The reduced activation of protein S due to the pneumonia-induced vitamin K depletion was correlated with higher thrombogenicity and possibly fatal outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Our review aimed to present the latest scientific evidence about vitamin K and its role in preventing age-associated diseases and/or improving the effectiveness of medical treatments in mature adults ˃50 years old.

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“…EFSA NDA Panel, 2017b). Phylloquinone has a phytyl side chain and is the primary dietary form of vitamin K in Europe: it is mainly found in dark green leafy vegetables (e.g.…”

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confidence: 99%

Dietary Reference Values for nutrients Summary report

2017

EFSA Supporting Publications

308

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Dietary reference values (DRVs) is an umbrella term for the complete set of nutrient reference values which include population reference intakes (PRIs), the average requirements (ARs), adequate intakes (AIs) and reference intake (RIs) ranges for macronutrients. These values indicate the amount of a nutrient which must be consumed on a regular basis to maintain health in an otherwise healthy individual (or population). In 2005, the European Commission asked EFSA to review the advice of the Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) dated 1993 on DRVs for the European population, to ensure that Community action in the area of nutrition was underpinned by the latest scientific evidence. The task was entrusted to the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). The Panel set the foundations for this task in an inaugural opinion published in 2010, which addressed the general principles for deriving and applying DRVs. A total of 32 scientific opinions were then published over 7 years, covering water, fats, carbohydrates and dietary fibre, protein, energy, as well as 14 vitamins and 13 minerals. This summary report brings together the summaries of the individual opinions, together with synthetic tables and annexes. It provides an overview of the outcome of EFSA's scientific deliberations for easy reference by end-users. This report is not meant to replace the original opinions. For the detailed reasoning behind individual values, the reader is invited to consult the full opinions.

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Dietary reference values for vitamin K

Cited by 83 publications

References 311 publications

Vitamin K status, supplementation and vascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Vitamin K status, supplementation and vascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The Role of Vitamin K in Humans: Implication in Aging and Age-Associated Diseases

Dietary Reference Values for nutrients Summary report

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