Dietary reference values for vitamin D

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doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4547

Cited by 214 publications

(146 citation statements)

References 541 publications

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“…Finding the balance between enough sun exposure for vitamin D synthesis but not too much to significantly increase the risk of skin cancer is complex, not least because there is no universally accepted value for a target level of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), the measure of vitamin D status. For this work, we considered a 25(OH)D concentration <25 nmol/L as deficient (following SACN, [4]) and <50 nmol/L as insufficient (following the IOM and EFSA, [9,10]). Using the same definitions, data modelling research reveals that it is theoretically possible to avoid vitamin D deficiency year-round in the UK without incurring skin erythema (a proxy for heightened risk of skin cancer) at least for the white Caucasian population [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Sunlight Exposure Enough to Avoid Wintertime Vitamin D Deficiency in United Kingdom Population Groups?

Kift

Rhodes

Farrar

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is required for cutaneous vitamin D synthesis, and experimental studies have indicated the levels of sun exposure required to avoid a vitamin D deficient status. Our objectives are to examine the sun exposure behaviours of different United Kingdom sectors and to identify if their exposure is enough to maintain winter circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D above deficiency (>25 nmol/L). Data are from a series of human studies involving >500 volunteers and performed using the same protocols in Greater Manchester, UK (53.5° N) in healthy white Caucasian adolescents and working-age adults (skin type I–IV), healthy South Asian working-age adults (skin type V), and adults with photodermatoses (skin conditions caused or aggravated by cutaneous sun exposure). Long-term monitoring of the spectral ambient UVR of the Manchester metropolitan area facilitates data interpretation. The healthy white populations are exposed to 3% ambient UVR, contrasting with ~1% in South Asians. South Asians and those with photodermatoses wear clothing exposing smaller skin surface area, and South Asians have the lowest oral vitamin D intake of all groups. Sun exposure levels prevent winter vitamin D deficiency in 95% of healthy white adults and 83% of adolescents, while 32% of the photodermatoses group and >90% of the healthy South Asians were deficient. The latter require increased oral vitamin D, whilst their sun exposure provides a tangible contribution and might convey other health benefits.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Sunlight Exposure Enough to Avoid Wintertime Vitamin D Deficiency in United Kingdom Population Groups?

Kift

Rhodes

Farrar

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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“…Endogenous synthesis may be the main source of vitamin D, but it is influenced by many factors (latitude, season, time of day, ozone layer, air pollution, clouds, surface, time spent outdoors, use of sunscreen, clothing, skin color, age, overweight/obese status, health conditions, and others) [3]. Vitamin D synthesis ceases between October and March in the Northern Hemisphere at latitudes greater than 40° north.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even these increased DRVs are considered too low [7]. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA, 2016) set an Adequate Intake (AI) of vitamin D at 15 μg/day for individuals aged one year and older under conditions of assumed minimal cutaneous vitamin D synthesis [3]. The German-speaking countries (DACH 2015: Deutschland, Austria, Confoederatio Helvetica) neighboring the Czech Republic set the AI of vitamin D for people aged one year and over at 20 μg/day in the case of lack of endogenous synthesis [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Intake of Vitamin D in the Czech Population: A Comparison with Dietary Reference Values, Main Food Sources Identified by a Total Diet Study

et al. 2018

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The usual dietary intake of vitamin D was studied in 10 subgroups of the Czech population. Food consumption data was collected using repeated 24 h recall in a national cross-sectional survey (the Study of Individual Food Consumption, SISP04), and the vitamin D content in marketed foods was quantified within the national Total Diet Study (2014–2015). The Monte Carlo Risk Assessment computational model (version MCRA 8.2) was used to assess usual intake. The median vitamin D intakes for the Czech population (aged 4–90 years, both genders) were within a range of 2.5–5.1 μg/day. The highest median intake, excluding dietary supplements, was observed in men aged 18–64, and the lowest was observed in children aged 4–6 and girls aged 11–17. The main sources in the diet were hen eggs (21–28% of usual dietary intake), fine bakery wares (11–19%), cow’s milk and dairy products (7–23%), meat and meat products (4–12%), fish (6–20%), and margarines (7–18%). The dietary intake of vitamin D for more than 95% of the Czech population was below the recommended Dietary Reference Values (DRVs). These findings should encourage public health authorities to support interventions and education and implement new regulatory measures for improving intake.

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“…In the kidney, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) is converted to its metabolically active form: 1-α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, also known as calcitriol (1,25(OH) 2 D). This active molecule (1,25(OH) 2 D) can also be produced in different cells and tissues, such as skin, colon, placenta and prostate (Holick & Chen 2008, EFSA 2016. Calcitriol binds to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a transcription factor that translocates to the cell nucleus, in which it is heterodimerized with the retinoid X receptor (RXR).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, there is a debate about the optimal reference value of vitamin D, which is primarily based on bone health parameters. Different scientific committees' panels indicate that 25OHD serum levels lower than 20 ng/mL are appropriate for good health in the general population (IOM 2011, EFSA 2016, SACN 2016. On the other hand, the Endocrine Practice Guideline suggests a screening in groups at risk for vitamin D deficiency (Holick et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The interfaces between vitamin D, sleep and pain

Oliveira

Hirotsu

Tufik

et al. 2017

Journal of Endocrinology

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The role of vitamin D in osteomineral metabolism is well known. Several studies have suggested its action on different biological mechanisms, such as nociceptive sensitivity and sleep-wake cycle modulation. Sleep is an important biological process regulated by different regions of the central nervous system, mainly the hypothalamus, in combination with several neurotransmitters. Pain, which can be classified as nociceptive, neuropathic and psychological, is regulated by both the central and peripheral nervous systems. In the peripheral nervous system, the immune system participates in the inflammatory process that contributes to hyperalgesia. Sleep deprivation is an important condition related to hyperalgesia, and recently it has also been associated with vitamin

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Dietary reference values for vitamin D

Cited by 214 publications

References 541 publications

Is Sunlight Exposure Enough to Avoid Wintertime Vitamin D Deficiency in United Kingdom Population Groups?

Is Sunlight Exposure Enough to Avoid Wintertime Vitamin D Deficiency in United Kingdom Population Groups?

Dietary Intake of Vitamin D in the Czech Population: A Comparison with Dietary Reference Values, Main Food Sources Identified by a Total Diet Study

The interfaces between vitamin D, sleep and pain

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