Dietary Protein and Amino Acid Profiles in Relation to Risk of Dysglycemia: Findings from a Prospective Population-Based Study

Abstract

Considering the limited knowledge on the effects of dietary amino acid intake on dysglycemia, we assessed the possible association of dietary protein and amino acid patterns with the risk of pre-diabetes in a prospective population-based study. Participants without diabetes and pre-diabetes (n = 1878) were recruited from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study and were followed for a mean of 5.8 years. Their dietary protein and amino acid intakes were assessed at baseline (2006–2008); demographic, lifestyle, and biochemical variables were evaluated at baseline and in follow-up examinations. Pre-diabetes was defined according to the American Diabetes Association criteria. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models, adjusted for potential confounders, were used to estimate the risk of pre-diabetes across tertiles of dietary protein and amino acid pattern scores. The mean age of the participants (44.9% men) was 38.3 ± 12.7 years at baseline. Three major amino acid patterns were characterized: (1) higher loads of lysine, methionine, valine, aspartic acids, tyrosine, threonine, isoleucine, leucine, alanine, histidine, and serine; (2) higher loads of glycine, cysteine, arginine, and tryptophan; and (3) higher loads of proline and glutamic acid. Dietary total protein intake Hazard Ratio (HR) = 1.13, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.92–1.38 and HR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.81–1.23, in the second and third tertile, respectively) was not related to the development of pre-diabetes. The highest score of second dietary amino acid pattern tended to be associated with a decreased risk of pre-diabetes (HR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.65–1.01), whereas the third pattern was related to an increased risk in the fully adjusted model (HR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.02–1.52; p for trend = 0.05). These novel data suggest that the amino acid composition of an individual’s diet may modify their risk of pre-diabetes.

Dietary Pattern and Plasma BCAA-Variations in Healthy Men and Women—Results from the KarMeN Study

“…Thus, not a high protein intake in general but the protein quality may play a crucial role for modulating disease risk [ 16 , 17 ]. This is in line with other studies showing that not the total protein intake itself but the protein composition or the AA pattern is important with regard to risk of T2D and CVD [ 37 , 38 , 39 ]. These results strengthen our hypothesis that the dietary pattern beyond the intake of BCAA rather than the effect of BCAA intake itself contribute to the increased risk for chronic diseases.…”

Extent Reflecting Overall Dietary Amino Acids Composition Adherence to the Human Requirement Amino Acids Pattern is Associated with the Development of type 2 Diabetes

“…In this study, using two prospective cohorts, a positive association between the AACI and incidence of (33), and they are also supported by cell and animal studies with the fact that feeding with mixture of AAs rather than a single AA alone could promote development of insulin-resistance and β-cell dysfunction in rodents (34,35). Taken together, these accumulating evidences suggest that dietary AAs composition is likely an important risk factor in prevention and management of T2DM.…”

Extent reflecting overall dietary amino acids composition adherence to the human requirement amino acids pattern is associated with the development of type 2 diabetes

“…This study also demonstrated that when additionally adjusted for other known dietary risk factors for T2DM including intake of total protein (29), ber (30), saturated fat (31), and overall diet quality (32), the relationship between the AACI and incidence of T2DM was still signi cant, further indicating that inadequate dietary AAs composition was likely an important dietary factor for residual risk of T2DM. These ndings are supported by previous study showing that risk of pre-diabetes varied with different dietary AAs patterns (33), and they are also supported by cell and animal studies with the fact that feeding with mixture of AAs rather than a single AA alone could promote development of insulin-resistance and β-cell dysfunction in rodents (34,35). Taken together, these accumulating evidences suggest that dietary AAs composition is likely an important risk factor in prevention and management of T2DM.…”