Dietary Polyphenols Alleviate Autoimmune Liver Disease by Mediating the Intestinal Microenvironment: Challenges and Hopes

Abstract

Autoimmune liver disease is a chronic liver disease caused by an overactive immune response in the liver that imposes a significant health and economic cost on society. Due to the side effects of existing medicinal medications, there is a trend toward seeking natural bioactive compounds as dietary supplements. Currently, dietary polyphenols have been proven to have the ability to mediate gut−liver immunity and control autoimmune liver disease through modulating the intestinal microenvironment. Based on the preceding, this Review covers the many forms of autoimmune liver illnesses, their pathophysiology, and the modulatory effects of polyphenols on immune disorders. Finally, we focus on how polyphenols interact with the intestinal milieu to improve autoimmune liver disease. In conclusion, we suggest that dietary polyphenols have the potential as gut-targeted modulators for the prevention and treatment of autoimmune liver disease and highlight new perspectives and critical issues for future pharmacological applications.

The Role of Anthocyanins in Alleviating Intestinal Diseases: A Mini Review

“…All cells in the tumor microenvironment are regulated by the NF-κB signaling pathway and influence the onset and progression of inflammation and cancer . It has been suggested that dietary anthocyanins may activate enteric nutrient sensors, including AMPK, and thereby directly inhibits the expression of the mTOR signaling pathway in dendritic cells, up-regulates heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and restrains hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) . In addition, AMPK is related to the up-regulation of caudal-related homeobox transcriptional factor (CDX2), an intestinal-specific transcription factor that induces differentiation of epithelial cell, regulates genes in tight junction complexes, and controls intestinal inflammation .…”

“…82 It has been suggested that dietary anthocyanins may activate enteric nutrient sensors, including AMPK, and thereby directly inhibits the expression of the mTOR signaling pathway in dendritic cells, up-regulates heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and restrains hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). 83 In addition, AMPK is related to the up-regulation of caudal-related homeobox transcriptional factor (CDX2), an intestinal-specific transcription factor that induces differentiation of epithelial cell, regulates genes in tight junction complexes, and controls intestinal inflammation. 23 Meanwhile, anthocyanins appear to inhibit the Akt-mediated transcription factor NF-κB, which has anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB, adjusting phosphorylation of I-kappa-B-alpha (IκBα), and reducing the gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL.…”

When inflammatory stressors dramatically change, disease phenotypes may transform between autoimmune hematopoietic failure and myeloid neoplasms

“…The structural and functional features of the gastrointestinal tract render the organoid vulnerable to be an active inflammatory nidus in which host immune homeostasis is disturbed and inflammatory stresses are sustained with sufficient inflammation strength to perpetuate autoimmune responses in remote organ systems ( 163 , 164 ). In this process, probiotic commensal microbe-derived metabolites play important roles in maintaining epithelial integrity, regulating host immune responses, and modulating autoimmunity ( 177 , 178 , 193 – 196 ). An inadequate dietary supply can induce gut dysbiosis and immune dysregulation and affect epithelial repair function ( 197 – 200 ).…”

Research Progress Regarding the Effect and Mechanism of Dietary Polyphenols in Liver Fibrosis

“…It seems that polyphenols can change the intestinal microecology, affect the total number of beneficial bacteria in the intestine, and bring positive intestinal health benefits [ 162 ]. It is reported that dietary polyphenols can treat liver immune diseases [ 163 ], nonalcoholic fatty hepatitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and other related liver diseases by regulating intestinal microorganisms [ 164 ]. Because inflammation is accompanied by various stages of liver fibrosis, polyphenols can stimulate Firmicutes phylum , Bifidobacterium spp., Akkermansia spp., Roseburia spp.…”