Dietary phytosterols: A review of metabolism, benefits and side effects

Ling, Wen Hua; Jones, Peter J H

doi:10.1016/0024-3205(95)00263-6

Cited by 523 publications

(357 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Under normal conditions the plant sterol concentration is only on an average 3 ± 17 mgal in serum being roughly only 1a1000 of serum cholesterol concentration, although typical dietary intake of plant sterols is almost equal to dietary intake of cholesterol (about 160 ± 360 mgaday, Ling & Jones 1995). Furthermore, dietary intake of plant stanols and their serum concentrations are very low compared to that of the plant sterol concentrations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Comparison of the effects of plant sterol ester and plant stanol ester-enriched margarines in lowering serum cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic subjects on a low-fat diet

et al. 2000

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Objective: To investigate cholesterol-lowering effects of stanol ester (STAEST) and sterol ester (STEEST)-enriched margarines as part of a low-fat diet. Design: According to a Latin square model randomized double-blind repeated measures design with three test margarines and three periods. Setting: Outpatient clinical trial with free-living subjects. Subjects: Thirty-four hypercholesterolaemic subjects completed the study. Interventions: Subjects consumed three rapeseed oil-based test margarines (STAEST, STEEST and control (no added stanols or sterols)) as part of a low-fat diet each for 4 weeks. Results: Mean daily intake of total plant sterols plus stanols was 2.01 ± 2.04 g during the two test margarine periods. In reference to control, serum total cholesterol was reduced by 9.2 and 7.3% with the STAEST and STEEST margarine, respectively (P`0.001 for both). The respective reductions for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were 12.7 and 10.4% (P`0.001). The cholesterol-lowering effects of the test margarines did not differ signi®cantly. The presence of apolipoprotein E4 allele had a signi®cant effect on LDL cholesterol response during the STAEST margarine only. Serum sitosterol and campesterol increased by 0.83 and 2.77 mgal with the STEEST (P`0.001), respectively and decreased by 1.18 and 2.60 mgal with the STAEST margarine (P`0.001). Increases of serum sitostanol and campestanol were 0.11 and 0.19 mgal with the STAEST margarine (P`0.001), repsectively. No signi®cant changes were found in serum fat-soluble vitamin and carotenoid concentrations when related to serum total cholesterol. Conclusions: STAEST and STEEST margarines reduced signi®cantly and equally serum total and LDL cholesterol concentrations as part of a low-fat diet.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Comparison of the effects of plant sterol ester and plant stanol ester-enriched margarines in lowering serum cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic subjects on a low-fat diet

et al. 2000

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“…The cholesterol-lowering effects of phytosterols, including 105, are well-known and have been reviewed (Ling and Jones, 1995). Other therapeutic effects of phytosterols include anticarcinogenic, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, antiulcer, anticomplement, insulin-releasing, and estrogenic activities (Ling and Jones, 1995;Bouic et al, 1996). 5.3.6.1.…”

Section: Insecticidal Activity: α-Amyrin (99) Caused Molting In Spodomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5.3.6.2. Cancer: β-Sitosterol (105) had inhibitory activity at several stages of tumor development (Ling and Jones, 1995;Ovesna et al, 2004b). It inhibited tumor promotion, specifically the transformation of preneoplastic cells into neoplastic (abnormally growing) cells , and was antimutagenic (Villaseñor et al, 2002).…”

Section: Insecticidal Activity: α-Amyrin (99) Caused Molting In Spodomentioning

confidence: 99%

Medicinal chemistry and pharmacology of genus Tripterygium (Celastraceae)

et al. 2007

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Plants in the genus Tripterygium, such as Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f., have a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine. In recent years there has been considerable interest in the use of Tripterygium extracts and of the main bioactive constituent, the diterpene triepoxide triptolide (1), to treat a variety of autoimmune and inflammation-related conditions. The main mode of action of the Tripterygium extracts and triptolide (1) is the inhibition of expression of proinflammatory genes such as those for interleukin-2 (IL-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). The efficacy and safety of certain types of Tripterygium extracts were confirmed in human clinical trials in the US and abroad. Over 300 compounds have been identified in the genus Tripterygium, and many of these have been evaluated for biological activity. The overall activity of the extract is based on the interaction between its components. Therefore, the safety and efficacy of the extract cannot be fully mimicked by any individual constituent. This review discusses the biochemical composition and biological and pharmacological activities of Tripterygium extracts, and their main bioactive components.

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“…High dosages of plant sterols have been applied to lower plasma cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic subjects (Ling & Jones, 1995). No obvious side effects have been observed in humans, except in individuals with phytosterolemia (Lu Ètjohann & Bergmann, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spreads enriched with three different levels of vegetable oil sterols and the degree of cholesterol lowering in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects

et al. 1999

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Objective: To investigate the dose-response relationship between cholesterol lowering and three different, relatively low intake levels of plant sterols (0.83, 1.61, 3.24 gad) from spreads. To investigate the effects on lipidsoluble (pro)vitamins. Design: A randomized double-blind placebo controlled balanced incomplete Latin square design using ®ve spreads and four periods. The ®ve study spreads included butter, a commercially available spread and three experimental spreads forti®ed with three different concentrations of plant sterols. Subjects: One hundred apparently healthy normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic volunteers participated. Interventions: Each subject consumed four spreads, each for a period of 3.5 week. Conclusions:The three relatively low dosages of plant sterols had a signi®cant cholesterol lowering effect ranging from 4.9 ± 6.8%, 6.7 ± 9.9% and 6.5 ± 7.9%, for total, LDL-cholesterol and the LDLaHDL cholesterol ratio, respectively, without substantially affecting lipid soluble (pro)vitamins. No signi®cant differences in cholesterol lowering effect between the three dosages of plant sterols could be detected. This study would support that consumption of about 1.6 g of plant sterols per day will bene®cally affect plasma cholesterol concentrations without seriously affecting plasma carotenoid concentrations.

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Dietary phytosterols: A review of metabolism, benefits and side effects

Cited by 523 publications

References 68 publications

Comparison of the effects of plant sterol ester and plant stanol ester-enriched margarines in lowering serum cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic subjects on a low-fat diet

Comparison of the effects of plant sterol ester and plant stanol ester-enriched margarines in lowering serum cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic subjects on a low-fat diet

Medicinal chemistry and pharmacology of genus Tripterygium (Celastraceae)

Spreads enriched with three different levels of vegetable oil sterols and the degree of cholesterol lowering in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects

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