Dietary Phytase- and Lactic Acid-Treated Cereals Caused Greater Taxonomic Adaptations than Functional Adaptations in the Cecal Metagenome of Growing Pigs

Abstract

Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for the gut bacteria and the host. Nevertheless, little information exists to what extent an improved P availability in the small intestine leads to functional adaptations in bacterial metabolic pathways in the large intestine. Therefore, we investigated the changes in the taxonomic and functional bacterial metagenome in cecal digesta of growing pigs fed diets containing phytase and/or cereals treated with 2.5% lactic acid (LA) for 19 days (n=8/diet) using shotgun metagenome sequencing. Especially the phytase supplementation resulted in distinct bacterial communities, affecting almost all major bacterial families, whereas functional changes were less dramatic among feeding groups. While phytase decreased predominant Prevotellaceae, it seemed that Clostridiaceae, Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae filled the opening metabolic niches (P < 0.05). The LA-treated cereals reduced Bacteroidaceae, while increasing Veillonellaceae but mainly when fed as single treatment (P < 0.05). Associated with the taxonomic alterations, phytase caused changes within the major functional pathways ‘amino acid metabolism’, ‘translation’, ‘membrane transport’, ‘folding, sorting and degradation’ and ‘energy metabolism’, whereas the LA-treatment of cereals decreased enzymatic capacities within ‘carbohydrate metabolism’ and ‘energy metabolism’ (P < 0.05). Metabolic dependencies from ‘starch and sucrose metabolism’, ‘glycolysis/gluconeogenesis’ and ‘citrate cycle’ were indicated by diet-associated changes in enzymatic capacities related to short-chain fatty acid, methane, vitamin and bacterial antigen synthesis. Accordingly, present results support the importance of the intestinal P availability for the bacterial metabolism. However, functional profiles were less different than taxonomic profiles among dietary treatment, indicating a certain metabolic plasticity within the cecal metagenome. IMPORTANCE Dietary strategies (e.g. phytase supplementation and lactic acid-(LA)-treatment of cereals) used to improve the phytate-phosphorus (P) availability from pig feed reduce the amount of P flowing into the large intestine, whereas LA-treatment induced changes in nutrient fractions alter the substrate being available to the microbiota. In ruminants, lower intestinal P availability compromises the fibrolytic activity of the microbiome. Here, we report that the functional capacities were less dramatically affected than the taxonomic composition by phytase and LA-treated cereals. The bacterial community appeared to be partly capable of functionally compensating for the altered flow of P by replacing taxa with higher P needs by those with lower P needs. Therefore, by acting as mucosal immune stimulants, the alterations in microbiota-associated molecular patterns (MAMP) due to the taxonomic shifts may play a greater role for host physiology and health than functional differences caused by varying intestinal P availabilities, which merits further research.

Effects of Phenylpyruvate on the Growth Performance and Intestinal Microbiota in Broiler Chicken

“…Indeed, members of the Oscillospiraceae were previously shown to be increased abundantly due to phytase supplementation [43], whereas in our study family abundance Oscillospiraceae were also higher in NC compared with PC group, on the other hand the family having Selenomonadaceae were significantly increased in the HCP than PC group. family of Selenomonadaceae play an important role in the maintenance of the cell surface structure [44].…”

Combined Rg1 and adipose-derived stem cells Alleviate DSS-induced colitis in a mouse model

“…The complex interactions between biological pathways and gut microbiota are intense associated with host-microbe. Notably, gut microbiota plays an essential role in IBD through the pathways such as glyoxylate cycle, Citrate cycle (TCA cycle), and L-arginine degradation [39][40][41],consistent with this, the KEGG pathways in the ADSC, Rg1 and ADSC + Rg1group were different from DSS groups, such as glyoxylate cycle, Citrate cycle (TCA cycle), and L-arginine pathway reduced signi cantly, which implicated ADSC and Rg1 may modulate these pathway though restoring composition of gut microbiota.…”

The Role of Dietary and Microbial Fatty Acids in the Control of Inflammation in Neonatal Piglets

“…Oxo-FAs, in turn, are involved in appetite regulation by stimulating the secretion of cholecystokinin via G-protein receptor (GPR) activation, possibly GPR-40 [80]. Although these metabolic processes have been first described for the rumen, taxonomic and functional microbiome data for pig intestinal digesta show similar species abundances [89,90]. Bacteria including Butyrivibrio, Lactobacillus, and Megasphaera biohydrogenate LA and ALA, thereby producing their conjugated forms, which are isomers with conjugated double bounds [4].…”