Dietary Patterns of Young Females and Their Association With Waist Circumference as a Health Index in Northwest of Iran, 2007

Abstract

Background:Despite the higher prevalence of overweight and obesity among young people in western countries, the 50th and 95th percentile ranks for waist circumference in the Iranian young Females are higher than those of the western ones.Objectives:Identifying major dietary patterns in Iranian young females, which associate with central obesity, can probably explain the difference between Iranian young females’ pattern and those of their western peers regarding obesity.Patients and Methods:In the current cross-sectional study, a total of 257 young females aged 11 - 15 years old from Talaat Intelligent Guidance School, Tabriz, Iran (2007) were selected for the study using non-probability simple sampling method. Then, usual dietary intakes of all subjects were evaluated by a food frequency questionnaire and anthropometric measurements such as weight, height, waist circumference, and Body Mass Index (BMI) using the standard protocols. Data were analyzed by inferential statistics (One-way ANOVA, Tukey test for Post-Hoc Analysis, Chi-square test, age-adjusted means, analysis of covariance with Bonferroni correction, correlation and partial correlation) by SPSS software.Results:In the current study, six major dietary patterns were extracted using factor analysis method. Before and after controlling the age, subjects in the upper tertile of the Iranian Central Obesity Making Dietary Pattern (rich in cruciferous vegetables, green leafy vegetables, soft drinks, tomatoes, other vegetables and vegetable oils) had larger waist circumference in comparison with the ones in the lower tertile (before controlling for age: 64.2 ± 9 vs. 61.6 ± 7 P = 0.03; after: 64.5 ± 0.8 vs. 61.5 ± 0.8, P = 0.009). However in lacto vegetarian dietary pattern (rich in legumes, potato, other vegetables, dough, high-fat dairy products and margarine), individuals in the upper tertile had significantly lower weight, waist circumference and body mass index (BMI) in comparison with the ones in the lower tertile (weight: 44.9 ± 9.3 vs. 51.4 ± 10.6, P < 0.01; WC: 59.9 ± 8 vs. 64 ± 7.9, P < 0.01; BMI: 18.6 ± 3.1 vs. 20.6 ± 3.5, P < 0.01).Conclusions:The current study findings suggest that the Iranian Central Obesity Making Dietary Pattern is directly associated with waist circumference (marker of central obesity), while lacto vegetarian dietary pattern is reversely associated with weight, waist circumference and BMI. Special obesity pattern in Iranian young females can be justified by Iranian Central Obesity Making Dietary Pattern”.

Energy Dense Salty Food Consumption Frequency Is Associated with Diastolic Hypertension in Spanish Children

“…These results agree with others who have not found significant differences in BMI and WC between children who followed a "western" dietary pattern or not [55][56][57]. However, other studies have shown significant differences in BMI and WC between an "unhealthy" or a "healthy" dietary pattern [52,58]. These discrepancies could be due to the heterogeneous origin and methodology of the studies, since there was only one European study, more specifically a Spanish study, and since each study used different dietary survey.…”

Dietary patterns and cardiometabolic risk factors among adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Among the total studies, four studies observed no significant differences in BMI, WC and overweight prevalence and obesity prevalence among tertiles of those with a westernised dietary pattern compared with healthier dietary patterns and clusters (23,35,37,39) . Evidence of the relation between diet and anthropometric measures was observed in a study conducted in Iran by Alizadeh et al (29) . Subjects of the top tertile of the 'Iranian Central Obesity Making Dietary Pattern' (composed by cruciferous vegetables, green leafy vegetables, soft drinks, tomatoes, other vegetables and vegetable oils) group had higher WC than subjects in the lowest tertile (P = 0•03).…”

“…Alizadeh et al (29) + Zamora-Gasga et al (28) Partially Cannot determine or measurement approach not reported was significantly associated with DBP (P = 0•025), with participants with higher scores having lower BP (adjusted for age, sex and physical activity). There were no significant associations between any of the dietary patterns and SBP after adjustment for confounders.…”

“…The selected studies were conducted in Australia (22,23) , America (24)(25)(26)(27)(28) , Asia (29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36) , Europe (37)(38)(39) and Africa (40) . Most were cross-sectional studies, and only two were cohort studies.…”

Major dietary patterns in relation to menstrual pain: a nested case control study

“…Total energy intake (kcal/day) of subjects was calculated according to the data available at USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) national nutrient database [ 20 ] or other sources [ 21 , 22 ]. Then, food items were categorized into 30 separate groups based on the previous studies [ 23 , 24 ] or similarities in their nutrient profile. The FFQ was validated with two 24/h dietary recalls and the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.08 (low fat dairy products) and 0.64 (for high fat dairy products) for food groups.…”