Dietary Patterns, Exercise, and the Metabolic Syndrome Among Young People in Urban Pakistan (Lahore)

Malik, Maria; Qayyum, Wahhaj; Farooq, Ayesha; Waqas, Ahmed; Sukhera, Ahmed Bashir; Khalid, Muhammad; Baig, Ammad A

doi:10.1089/met.2019.0021

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…The present research is opposed to these findings. Our findings also contradict another survey study in Pakistan that indicates that 67% of the rural Pakistani adolescents were active as compared to 35% in urban areas [ 73 ]. Conversely, the current results are similar to a recent systematic review and meta-analysis in Pakistan that provided evidence that adolescents from rural areas had lower PA than those in urban areas [ 74 ].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Individual, Interpersonal, and Organizational Factors Affecting Physical Activity of School Adolescents in Pakistan

Kiyani

Kayani

Kayani³

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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The purpose of this study was to explore individual, interpersonal, and organizational factors that may influence the physical activity of adolescents (ages 10–14) in Pakistani schools. A set of questionnaires that included individual, interpersonal, and organizational factors and PA behavior was completed by the 618 students selected from Pakistani schools. Stepwise forward regression model was applied to check the possible effects of multilevel variables on physical activity and to extract the stronger predictors. The results showed that physical activity was significantly predicted by individual level factors such as self-efficacy, motivation, and attitude. Among the demographic correlates, gender, age, and BMI did not affect physical activity, while socioeconomic status and geographic characteristics had a meaningful association with PA. At the interpersonal level, adolescents’ perception of family support had a potential influence on physical activity, while there was no impact of friends/peers and teachers support on adolescents’ PA. A school environmental characteristic, such as PA facility, was positively related to PA; however, the impact of PA equipment, safety, and policy and PA culture were statistically non-significant. The findings suggest that public health intervention strategies aimed at promoting PA in adolescents should recognize multiple levels of influences that may either enhance or impede the likelihood of PA among adolescents.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Individual, Interpersonal, and Organizational Factors Affecting Physical Activity of School Adolescents in Pakistan

Kiyani

Kayani

Kayani³

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…There are certain diseases like polio which are still present in Pakistan. Non communicable diseases cause a large number of mortalities in our country such as metabolic syndrome comprises of hypertension, obesity, atherosclerosis etc [27,28]. Cuba on the other hand as we have discussed has a very strong primary and community healthcare system due to which their health indicators are showing better picture day by day [3] Also, there is no need of private healthcare sector in Cube, reason being their strong government health care system.…”

Section: Lessons For Pakistanmentioning

confidence: 94%

The Cuban Healthcare System: An Insight

Zahid

Ahmed

Israr

et al. 2021

AJMAH

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All the countries in the world are struggling to improve their healthcare systems regardless of being rich or poor. Talking about Cuba, it represents an example of well-developed healthcare system and policies which is comparable to developed countries of the world. The success of Cuban healthcare system largely depends upon its strong primary health care system, proper immunization, robust public health policies, treating all the population classes equally providing them with free healthcare services. The control of infection spread and non-communicable diseases also contributes to the success of Cuban Healthcare system. We have discussed the Cuban health care system from start till the current situation and also, we performed SWOT analysis to bring the clearer depiction of the Cuban Healthcare System as it highlights the key internal and external issues which are further discussed in detail.

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“…Like many other countries, the burden of MetS is increasing remarkably in Pakistan [ 12 , 13 ]. As a middle-income country with a weak healthcare infrastructure and a population of around 208 million, Pakistan is facing a significant impact on its already overburdened healthcare resources [ 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, a study that screens the healthy at-risk adult population is the need of the hour. Furthermore, a recent in-depth literature search revealed that reporting of MetS in most of the previously published Pakistani studies is based on a single criterion, i.e., either NCEP-ATP III or IDF guidelines [ 12 , 15 – 18 ]. There is a dire need for a study that estimates the prevalence of undiagnosed MetS in persons who appear to be in good health using various international recommendations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of undiagnosed metabolic syndrome using three different definitions and identifying associated risk factors among apparently healthy adults in Karachi, Pakistan: a cross-sectional survey in the year 2022

Adil,

Musa,

Uddin

et al. 2024

Arch Public Health

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Objective To determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of undiagnosed metabolic syndrome (MetS) using three different definitions among apparently healthy adults of Karachi, Pakistan. Methods This community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in Karachi, Pakistan, from January 2022 to August 2022. A total of 1065 healthy individuals aged 25–80 years of any gender were consecutively included. MetS was assessed using the National Cholesterol Education Program for Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP-ATP) III guidelines, International Diabetes Federation (IDF), and modified NCEP-ATP III. Results The prevalence of MetS was highest with the modified NCEP-ATP III definition at 33.9% (95% CI: 31–36), followed by the IDF definition at 32.2% (95% CI: 29–35). In contrast, the prevalence was lower at 22.4% (95% CI: 19–25) when using the NCEP ATP III definition. The risk of MetS significantly increases with higher BMI, as defined by the IDF criteria (adjusted OR [ORadj] 1.13, 95% CI 1.09–2.43), NCEP-ATP III criteria (ORadj 1.15, 95% CI 1.11–1.19), and modified NCEP-ATP III criteria (ORadj 1.16, 95% CI 1.12–1.20). Current smokers had significantly higher odds of MetS according to the IDF (ORadj 2.72, 95% CI 1.84–4.03), NCEP-ATP III (ORadj 3.93, 95% CI 2.55–6.06), and modified NCEP-ATP III (ORadj 0.62, 95% CI 0.43–0.88). Areca nut use was associated with higher odds of MetS according to both IDF (ORadj 1.71, 95% CI 1.19–2.47) and modified NCEP-ATP III criteria (ORadj 1.58, 95% CI 1.10–2.72). Furthermore, low physical activity had significantly higher odds of MetS according to the NCEP-ATP III (ORadj 1.36, 95% CI 1.01–1.84) and modified NCEP-ATP III criteria (ORadj 1.56, 95% CI 1.08–2.26). Conclusion One-third of the healthy individuals were diagnosed with MetS based on IDF, NCEP-ATP III, and modified NCEP-ATP III criteria. A higher BMI, current smoking, areca nut use, and low physical activity were significant factors.

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Dietary Patterns, Exercise, and the Metabolic Syndrome Among Young People in Urban Pakistan (Lahore)

Cited by 9 publications

References 71 publications

Individual, Interpersonal, and Organizational Factors Affecting Physical Activity of School Adolescents in Pakistan

Individual, Interpersonal, and Organizational Factors Affecting Physical Activity of School Adolescents in Pakistan

The Cuban Healthcare System: An Insight

Prevalence of undiagnosed metabolic syndrome using three different definitions and identifying associated risk factors among apparently healthy adults in Karachi, Pakistan: a cross-sectional survey in the year 2022

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