Dietary Patterns, Body Composition, and Bone Health in New Zealand Postmenopausal Women

Abstract

Nutrition affects bone health status. However, analysis of the dietary patterns gives insights into which particular combination of foods may influence nutritional status and bone health. The aim of this study was to explore the associations between dietary patterns, bone mineral density (BMD) and T-scores, and body composition in New Zealand postmenopausal women. This cross-sectional study examined 125 postmenopausal women aged between 54 and 81 years. Body composition, BMD and T-scores were determined using dual-energy X-ray a bsorptiometry (DXA). Diet composition was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) composed of 108 food items, from which 34 food groups were created. Dietary patterns were identified by principal component analysis. The bone and body composition data including skeletal sites T-scores, waist circumference, BMI and body fat percentage were regressed onto the dietary patterns. Four dietary patterns were identified; the milk and milk-rich beverages dietary pattern, the dessert, cheese and red meat dietary pattern, the fruit-rich, biscuit and crackers dietary pattern and the oily fish, sports drink and seafood-rich dietary pattern. The milk and milk-rich beverages dietary pattern was significantly positively associated with spine T-score (r = 0.247, P = 0.008), and not whole-body BMD (r = 0.182, P = 0.051). The oily fish, sports drink and seafood-rich dietary pattern was marginally negatively associated with waist circumference (r = −0.157, P = 0.094) and body mass index (r = −0.163, P = 0.081) and significantly associated with body fat percentage (r = −0.247, P = 0.008). Binary logistic regression indicated that intake of the milk and milk-rich beverages dietary pattern reduced the occurrence of osteoporosis [adjusted odds ratio OR (95% CI): 0.589 (0.353, 0.982)]. A dietary pattern characterized by a high factor loading of milk and milk-rich beverages was positively associated with whole-body BMD and spine T-score, while the oily fish, sports drink, seafood-rich dietary pattern was inversely associated with total body fat percentage. Consumption of milk, even with coffee showed a positive association with bone health among postmenopausal women. Further longitudinal intervention studies is warranted to confirm effects of dietary patterns on skeletal body sites such as hip and femoral neck T-scores.

Patterns of Dietary Intake and Levels of Physical Activities of Female Patients with Osteoporosis: A Retrospective study

“…On the other hand, the result of the present study goes opposite with some studies that used to investigate changes in food consumption and nutrient intakes among adult females that showed the consumptions of fish was good among adult females, as a result, there was an adequate intake of vitamin D and other nutrients found in fish and fish product (Gose, Krems, Heuer, & Hoffmann, 2016;Ilesanmi-Oyelere, Coad, Roy, & Kruger, 2020;Suganthan, Kumanan, Kesavan, Aravinthan, & Rajeshkannan, 2020). These conflicts in results may be due to the differences in economic status between the countries of origin of the study participants.…”

Food Consumption and Dietary Patterns of Local Adults Living on the Tibetan Plateau: Results from 14 Countries along the Yarlung Tsangpo River

“…According to the preset criteria of variable selection (i.e., eigenvalue > 1 and the accumulation of total variance is 86.9%), there are four principal components; dietary patterns were retained by PCA method. Dietary patterns were named in accordance with the interpretability and characteristics of the items retained in each pattern and the items with the highest factor loadings were the ones that most influenced the interpretation and denomination of factors [ 17 ]. Food items with factor loadings ≥0.3 or ≤−0.3 was considered significant for this sample size ( Supplementary Table S3 ) [ 2 , 8 ].…”

“…(4) Industrialized foods (i.e., processed meat) has appeared in the Tibetan food consumption pattern. Unfortunately, we did not find a “healthy diet” pattern that was dominated by various fruits and vegetables [ 2 , 8 ], nor did we find a “high rich in protein” pattern that was dominated by meat, eggs and milk [ 18 ] and a “prudent” pattern that was dominated by soy foods intake [ 17 ]. By analyzing the distribution of four dietary patterns, we found that males had higher adherence scores than females in three other dietary patterns except the “local traditional diet” pattern.…”

“…Compared with other studies using PCA to extract dietary patterns, the present study has the advantages of the well-established data-driven statistical methodology and its high total variance (86.9%) explained by the four dietary patterns. The total explanatory rates of variance variation in the aforementioned studies were 28.1% [ 17 ], 43.939% [ 2 ], 28% [ 8 ], 27.4% [ 28 ], 18% [ 18 ] and 23.8% [ 7 ], respectively. Limitations of this study include the insufficient information on participants, especially socioeconomic, occupational, behavior and lifestyle factors, which are associated with food consumption and therefore influence dietary patterns.…”

“…Validated FFQs are a gold standard method of collecting information on quantity and frequency of foods consumed retrospectively [ 17 ]. We conducted a pre-survey to develop a draft food list in order to complete a culturally-specific FFQ.…”