Dietary Patterns as Predictors of Prostate Cancer in Jamaican Men

Abstract

Studies of diet and prostate cancer have focused primarily on food and nutrients; however, dietary patterns examine the overall diet, particularly foods eaten in combination, and risk of disease. We evaluated the association of dietary patterns and prostate cancer and low- and high-grade subgroups in Jamaican men. In a case-control study, we enrolled 243 incident cases and 273 urology controls in Jamaican clinics, March 2005-July 2007. Dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis. Four food patterns were identified: a "vegetable and legume" pattern, a "fast food" pattern, a "meat" pattern, and a "refined carbohydrate" pattern. Men in the highest tertile for the refined carbohydrate pattern, characterized by high intakes of rice, pasta, sugar sweetened beverages, and sweet baked foods were at increased risk of total prostate cancer [odds ratio (OR) = 2.02; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05-3.87 (Ptrend = 0.029)] and low-grade disease [OR = 2.91; 95% CI = 1.18-7.13 (Ptrend = 0.019)] compared with men in the lowest tertile. The vegetable and legumes pattern (healthy), meat pattern, or fast food pattern were not associated with prostate cancer risk. These data suggest a carbohydrate dietary pattern high in refined carbohydrates may be a risk factor for prostate cancer in Jamaican men.

A Western Dietary Pattern Increases Prostate Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…The first pattern, named "Healthy pattern" was characterized by high loading of vegetables and fruits, poultry, fish, and whole grains. The selected articles labeled it as "Healthy" [25,28,32], "Vegetable" [26,30,34,36], "Prudent" and "Vitamins and Fiber" [27,29,31,33,35]. The second pattern, named "Western pattern" had a high loading of red meat, processed meat, eggs and sweets.…”

“…The included articles labeled it as "Traditional Western/Processed diet" [25], "Western" [26,27,29,32,35], "Organ meat and fast food" [28], "Meat" [30], "Animal Products" [31], "Traditional" [33], "Red meat-starch" and "Meat & Potatoes" [34,36]. In addition, a "Carbohydrate pattern", characterized by high loading of bread, pasta and rice was identified in four articles which labeled it as "Carbohydrate" [28,33], "Refined carbohydrate" and "Starch-rich" [30,31]. The chi-square based Cochran's Q statistic and the I 2 statistic were used to evaluate heterogeneity in results across studies (37).…”

“…All of 12 included articles used a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to collect dietary information (64 to 131 items). Two studies reported the association of PC risk with 2 different dietary patterns [32,35] two studies considered 3 dietary patterns [26,34], six studies considered 4 dietary patterns [25,27,28,30,33,36] and two studies considered 5 different dietary patterns [29,31]. All of the 12 articles identified both an "Healthy pattern" and a "Western pattern" while four studies identified a "Carbohydrate pattern".…”

“…General characteristics of case-control and cohort studies are shown in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively. Case-control studies were published between 2005 and 2015, two were population-based [26,33] and 7 were hospital-based [25,[27][28][29][30][31][32]. Two were conducted in Uruguay [27,29] and Jamaica [28,30], and one each in Canada [25], Australia [26], Italy [31], Iran [32] and Argentina [33].…”

“…Twenty-two papers were subsequently excluded because they did not met the inclusion criteria as follow: four studies were on adherence to Mediterranean diet, two considered the inflammatory index and seven considered glycemic index, three studies were on adherence to dietary recommendations, one considered the oxidative balance score, two were on benign prostatic hyperplasia, one considered food groups and not dietary patterns, one considered individual dietary score and two article show the results of the same study so we did not considered the one in the native languages. Therefore, at the end of the selection process, 12 studies met the inclusion criteria ( Figure 1) and were enclosed for the identification of the different dietary patterns in the systematic review and meta-analysis [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36].…”