Dietary Patterns Are Associated with Risk of Prostate Cancer in a Population-Based Case-Control Study in Montreal, Canada

Abstract

This study describes the association between dietary patterns and prostate cancer (PCa) risk in a population-based case-control study conducted in Montreal, Canada (2005–2012). Cases (n = 1919) were histologically confirmed, aged ≤75 years. Concomitantly, controls (n = 1991) were randomly selected from the electoral list and frequency-matched to cases by age (±5 years). During face-to-face interviews, a 63-item food frequency questionnaire focusing on the two years before diagnosis/interview was administered. Three dietary patterns were identified from principal component analysis. Unconditional logistic regression estimated the association between dietary patterns and PCa, adjusting for age, ethnicity, education, family history, and timing of last PCa screening. When comparing scores in the highest vs. lowest quartiles, the Healthy Eating pattern was associated with a decreased risk of overall PCa (Odds ratio (OR) = 0.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.61, 0.93); this association was stronger for high-grade cancers (OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.48, 0.89). By contrast, the Western Sweet and Beverages pattern was associated with an elevated risk of overall PCa (OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.10, 1.66). The Western Salty and Alcohol pattern was not associated with PCa risk. These findings suggest that some dietary patterns influence PCa development.

Dietary Patterns and Prostate Cancer: CAPLIFE Study

“…However, comparison with previous studies is very complex, given that: (i) dietary patterns were constructed a posteriori, and, therefore, are dependent on the study population; and (ii) the food and beverage groups included differed between studies. Considering these limitations, our findings are in line with two case-control studies [ 21 , 24 ]. Trudeau et al, in a case-control study carried out in Canada, identified a pattern called “Sweets and Beverages”, characterized by high intakes of pasta, pizza, cookies, chips, chocolate, and carbonated soft drinks, which was associated with increased odds of PCa (OR Q4vsQ1 = 1.35 (95% CI 1.10–1.66)) [ 21 ].…”

“…Within the a posteriori approaches, principal component analysis is the most used method [ 17 , 19 , 20 ]. Using this method, multiple dietary patterns have been identified, such as Western or Traditional, Mediterranean, prudent patterns named according to the foods or food groups consumed [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]. Thus, adherence to a Western or Traditional pattern has been associated with increased risk of PCa [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 29 ], while adherence to a healthy or Mediterranean pattern has been associated with lower risk of PCa [ 21 , 28 ].…”

“…Using this method, multiple dietary patterns have been identified, such as Western or Traditional, Mediterranean, prudent patterns named according to the foods or food groups consumed [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]. Thus, adherence to a Western or Traditional pattern has been associated with increased risk of PCa [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 29 ], while adherence to a healthy or Mediterranean pattern has been associated with lower risk of PCa [ 21 , 28 ]. In addition, PCa is a heterogeneous disease in terms of aggressiveness, extension, and prognosis, with highly aggressive cases and a high probability of metastases that progress despite interventions, whereas other tumors will never become clinically significant [ 30 , 31 , 32 ].…”

“…In addition, PCa is a heterogeneous disease in terms of aggressiveness, extension, and prognosis, with highly aggressive cases and a high probability of metastases that progress despite interventions, whereas other tumors will never become clinically significant [ 30 , 31 , 32 ]. Therefore, the role of diet may depend on the aggressiveness or extension of a PCa tumor; however, few studies have considered this in the association between dietary patterns and PCa, producing inconsistent results [ 21 , 22 , 25 , 26 , 33 , 34 ]. In this sense, to date, only one study has addressed the association between dietary patterns and PCa in a European population, concluding that a Mediterranean pattern could protect against highly aggressive tumors [ 22 ].…”

Adherence to Prudent and Mediterranean Dietary Patterns Is Inversely Associated with Lung Cancer in Moderate But Not Heavy Male Polish Smokers: A Case-Control Study

“…According to the literature on nutrition, the typical range is 20% to 30% of the total variance explained by two or three dietary factors (dietary patterns). In this light, the current result (31% for three factors) is better than many previously reported [ 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 ]. The strength of a statistical analysis is the sample size—sufficient for PCA performance (the subject-to-item ratio 19:1) [ 61 ].…”