Dietary Patterns Are Associated with Body Mass Index and Bone Mineral Density in Chinese Freshmen

Abstract

These findings suggested that there was a positive correlation between Chinese traditional dietary pattern and healthy BMI and BMD and that this same association existed between calcium food pattern and BMD in Chinese freshmen. In contrast, the Western-style diet was negatively correlated with healthy BMI in Chinese freshmen.

Current Evidence on the Association of Dietary Patterns and Bone Health: A Scoping Review

“…The English traditional dietary pattern, characterized by a high intake of fried fish, fried potatoes, legumes, red and processed meats, savory pies, and cruciferous vegetables (e.g., cabbage and cauliflower), was inversely associated with BMD (15). However, the Chinese traditional dietary pattern, which was rich in grains, fresh vegetables, fresh fruits, and pork, was inversely associated with the risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis (28). The Western dietary pattern, mainly characterized by a high intake of soft drinks, fried foods, meat and processed products, sweets and desserts, and refined grains, was inversely associated with BMD (25) and directly associated with bone resorption and formation biomarkers (26) and risk of osteoporosis (29).…”

“…Studies were conducted in >20 countries: Australia (16,44), Brazil (24), Canada (25,26,32), China (22,28,30,34,49,55), France (33,56), Greece (14), Iran (20,21,48), Ireland (19), Italy (38), Japan (13,18,31), Korea (23,27,29,40,43,53,54), Netherlands (51), Norway (45), Portugal (41,60), Scotland (17), Spain (47), Sweden (59), United Kingdom (15,39), United States (35-37, 42, 46, 52, 58), and 10 European countries (57).…”

“…Other studies had a larger sample size that varied from 156 (24) to 188,795 (57) participants. Twenty-one studies enrolled only female subjects (13-18, 20-22, 24, 27, 29, 38, 43, 46-48, 50, 54, 58), 2 studies enrolled only male subjects (28,61), and the remaining recruited both sexes (n = 26) (19, 23, 25, 26, 30-37, 39-45, 49, 51, 55-57, 59, 60) as participants. The age range of participants varied between studies.…”

“…Two to nine dietary patterns were derived from different study populations with the use of this method. Naming of the retained dietary patterns was arbitrary, and the common names of some reproducible dietary patterns were the "healthy" (n = 7) (also referred to as "nutrient dense" or "prudent") (13, 17, 19, 24-26, 30, 32, 35), "traditional" (n = 7) (13,15,19,(28)(29)(30)(31), and "Western" (n = 6) (also called "energy-dense") (13, 24-26, 28, 29, 32, 35) dietary patterns. These dietary patterns were repeatedly extracted, along with a variety of other dietary patterns in the studies ( Table 1).…”

“…Five studies examined the association between dietary patterns and osteoporosis in cross-sectional (27,28,53,54) and longitudinal (29) studies. Osteoporosis was defined as a T-score <22.5 SDs for BMD measured by DXA in the lower spine and/or hip (27,53,54) or speed of sound measured by the ultrasound method in the upper or lower limbs (28,29).…”