Dietary Patterns and the Intake of Trace Elements in People with Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

10.30699/jambs.28.126.1 Background & Objective: Dietary patterns and the consumption of some macronutrients could influence hypertension as a public health problem. This study was conducted to identify dietary patterns and compare the intake of some micronutrients, as well as food groups, according to the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) guidelines. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study assessed the dietary patterns of 101 people with mild to moderate hypertension who were randomly selected among outpatients attending hospital clinics and health centres at Zanjan. Food intake data were collected using the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and three-day food diaries. Factor analyses and binary logistic regression were used to identify dietary styles and the associations between types of dietary patterns and hypertension, adjusted for covariates. Results: Two main dietary patterns were identified, including the DASH-style dietary pattern and the modern dietary pattern which contains high intakes of fast foods, junk foods, animal fat, organ meat, chicken, tea, and coffee. A greater odds ratio for hypertension (odds ratio: 3.95; 95% CI: 0.91-17.2) was found at the first quartile of the modern pattern compared to the last one, adjusted for confounding variables. Also, patients at the last quartile of the DASH-style pattern received significantly more sodium (P=0.02). Hypertensive patients consumed more sodium and less potassium, calcium, and magnesium than given in the DASH recommendations for both identified dietary patterns. Conclusion: Two main dietary patterns were found in hypertensive patients. Considering both dietary patterns and micronutrient intake in prevention programs for hypertensive patients is suggested. Future research is recommended.

Long-Term Effect of Exercise on Irisin Blood Levels—Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…It would also be worth investigating the effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES; a passive type of exercise) protocols, such as in the study by Jandova et al [88], on circulating irisin, which could offer an alternative mode of exercising for people with difficulties maintaining a physically active life. In terms of aerobic training, Morteza et al [87] reported no significant changes for circulating irisin, which is contrary to our findings. Instead, we report on decreases in circulating irisin in blood following resistance training in normal weighted older males [76] and after high-repetition resistance training in healthy older adults [73].…”

“…Especially, the older adult female population would benefit from this protective effect as they are prone to osteoporosis. Cosio et al [86] and Morteza et al [87] also showed greater increases of circulating irisin in older adults after resistance training programs. It would also be worth investigating the effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES; a passive type of exercise) protocols, such as in the study by Jandova et al [88], on circulating irisin, which could offer an alternative mode of exercising for people with difficulties maintaining a physically active life.…”

Impact of the Level of Adherence to the DASH Diet on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…The socio-demographic characteristics of the included studies are summarized in Table 1 [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ]. Fourteen studies were conducted in the U.S. [ 14 , 20 , 21 , 27 , 29 , 30 , 36 , 38 , 39 , 41 , 43 , 48 , 49 ,…”

“…Adherence to the DASH diet was assessed using the tool constructed by Fung et al (2008) [ 51 ] in 28 studies [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 23 , 24 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 35 , 36 , 38 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 49 , 50 ] and the tool developed by Mellen at al. (2008) [ 52 ] in three studies [ 14 , 39 , 48 ], while one study [ 25 ] implemented the tool by Valipour et al (2017) [ 53 ], one study [ 34 ] implemented the tool by Lee et al (2017) [ 54 ], one study [ 21 ] implemented the tool by Folsom et al (2007) [ 55 ], one study [ 44 ] utilized principal component analysis (PCA) by Fransen et al, (2014) [ 56 ] and two studies [ 22 , 37 ] developed their DASH Score based on the guidelines produced by the National Institutes of Health and the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (2018) [ 57 ]. Moreover, 18 studies [ 14 …”

“…Regarding patient characteristics, all details can be found in Table 2 . In only one study [ 15 ] were participants disease-free, while in the remaining 35 studies [ 14 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ], participants were diagnosed with depression, insomnia and cardiometabolic diseases including diabetes, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome (MetS), chronic kidney disease (CKD), hyperuricemia, atrial fibrillation or diabetic nephropathy or had undergone surgery for leg amputation; for two [ 30 , 45 ] studies, relevant details were not provided. The mean BMI of all individuals ranged from 23.1 to 32.8 kg/m 2 , the mean SBP ranged from 102.5 to 154.1 mmHg and the DBP ranged from 45.8 to 88.8 mmHg.…”