Dietary Patterns and Risk of Micronutrient Deficiencies: their Implication for Nutritional Intervention in Ethiopia

Abstract

Background: Dietary patterns are the quantities, proportions, variety or combinations of different foods and beverages in diets, and the frequency with which they are habitually consumed. In Ethiopia, information on the dietary patterns and association of the proxies of dietary adequacy and quality with nutritional outcomes is scarce. The aims of this paper were to assess the interactions between dietary patterns, nutritional adequacy, nutritional quality and the risk of micronutrient deficiencies, and to highlight their implications in nutritional interventions. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was carried out in North Shewa zone of Amhara Regional State, central Ethiopia from December 2014 to February 2015. Multistage sampling techniques were employed to recruit participants and 640 subjects involved in the study. Data were collected using structured and seven-day recall questionnaires. Chi-Square test, Kruskal-Walis test, Spearman correlation, multiple linear and multinomial regression models were used for inferential analyses. Results: The main dietary patterns included cereals, vegetables and legumes. Animal Source Foods (ASF) was consumed by 35.4% of participants. The median (range) of Food Variety Score (FVS) and Diet Diversity Score (DDS) were 16 (8-25) and 3.43 (1.14-5.57), respectively. About 28 % of subjects were malnourished. FVS had a positive correlation with DDS (r=0.502, p<0.001) and Body Mass Index (BMI) (r=0.145, p<0.001). DDS had also a positive correlation with BMI (r= 0.19, p<0.001). Family size and educational status were identified as determinant factors for FVS, but the later had a significant influence on DDS. The risks of vitamin A and iron deficiencies were 60.3% and 86.3%, respectively. The consumption of food groups rich in vitamin A and haem iron were significantly different across FVS and DDS (p<0.05). Conclusions: Dietary inadequacy, poor nutritional quality and high risk of micronutrient deficiencies were identified. These underlined the implications of nutritional interventions in central Ethiopia.

Advancing an Integrative Framework to Evaluate Sustainability in National Dietary Guidelines

“…Dietary diversity: The dietary guidelines promote dietary diversity to reduce risk of nutrient deficiencies. Kant et al, 1993;Onyango, 2003;Arimond and Ruel, 2004;Mirmiran et al, 2004;Remans et al, 2014;Berg et al, 2018;Keflie et al, 2018 Regular exercise and physical activity: The dietary guidelines promote physical activity and movement away from sedentary lifestyles. Pan et al, 1997;Ussher et al, 2007;Barton et al, 2009;Chodzko-Zajko et al, 2009;Melzer et al, 2010;Södergren et al, 2012;Barwais et al, 2013;Tozzi et al, 2016;Edwards and Loprinzi, 2017 Food safety: The dietary guidelines promote food safety to prevent foodborne illness, contamination, negative health influence of agriculture and diseases linked to chemicals and pesticide use.…”

Maternal minimum dietary diversity and associated factors among pregnant women, Southwest Ethiopia, 2021

“…In contrast suboptimal diets of pregnant women further impacts the health of the mother, the developing fetus, and the newborn [7]. Furthermore, inadequate dietary diversity intake during pregnancy results in increased risks such as maternal anemia, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), abortion, low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth, prenatal and infant mortality, and morbidity and increase the risk of chronic disease in the later period of life [8][9][10][11][12][13].…”

Nutritional potential of underutilized edible plant species in coffee agroforestry systems of Yayu, southwestern Ethiopia

“…Consequently, diets are often deficient in protein and micronutrients, such as Fe, Ca and vitamin A (Sheehy et al 2019;Baye et al 2019). In rural Ethiopia the risk of vitamin A deficiency reaches 60.3% and of iron 86.3% (Seyoum et al 2018).…”