Dietary Patterns and Gut Microbiota: The Crucial Actors in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Abstract

It is widely believed that diet and the gut microbiota are strongly related to the occurrence and progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but the effects of the interaction between dietary patterns and the gut microbiota on IBD have not been well elucidated. In this paper, we aim to explore the complex relationship between dietary patterns, gut microbiota, and IBD. We first comprehensively summarize the dietary patterns associated with IBD and found that dietary patterns can modulate the occurrence and progression of IBD through various signaling pathways, including mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B). Besides, the gut microbiota performs a vital role in the progression of IBD, which can affect the expression of IBD susceptibility genes, such as dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2) and apolipoprotein A1 (APOAI), the intestinal barrier (in particular, the expression of tight junction proteins), immune function (especially the homeostasis between effector and regulatory T cells) and the physiological metabolism, in particular, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs) and tryptophan metabolisms. Finally, we review the current knowledge on the interaction between dietary patterns and the gut microbiota in IBD and found that dietary patterns modulate the onset and progression of IBD, which is partly attributed to the regulation of the gut microbiota (especially SCFAs-producing bacteria and Escherichia coli). Faecalibacteria as “microbiomarkers” of IBD could be used as a target for dietary interventions to alleviate IBD. A comprehensive understanding of the interplay between dietary intake, gut microbiota, and IBD, which will facilitate the development of personalized dietary strategies based on the regulation of the gut microbiota in IBD and to expedite the era of precision nutritional interventions for IBD.

Fucoidan Ameliorated Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis by Modulating Gut Microbiota and Bile Acid Metabolism

“…The human gastrointestinal tract (GI) harbors abundant microbes that continually shape the host pathophysiological responses. Numerous studies indicated that the dynamic balance between gut microbes and host defensive responses plays a critical role in the development and pathogenesis of UC. ,, Generally, the gut microbiota of UC patients shows a reduction of microbial diversity and disturbance of species composition, which is characterized by a reduction in beneficial bacteria and an increase in pathogens . Microbial imbalance has been linked with gut barrier dysfunction that causes translocation of endotoxins, bacteria, and other inflammatory mediators, resulting in the exacerbation of IBD …”

“…1,2,4 Generally, the gut microbiota of UC patients shows a reduction of microbial diversity and disturbance of species composition, which is characterized by a reduction in beneficial bacteria and an increase in pathogens. 5 Microbial imbalance has been linked with gut barrier dysfunction that causes translocation of endotoxins, bacteria, and other inflammatory mediators, resulting in the exacerbation of IBD. 6 Substantial evidence has demonstrated that trophic interactions between gut commensals can result in the enhanced production of microbial metabolites, which are key molecular mediators between the microbiota and the host.…”

Propionic Acid Driven by the Lactobacillus johnsonii Culture Supernatant Alleviates Colitis by Inhibiting M1 Macrophage Polarization by Modulating the MAPK Pathway in Mice

“…As an immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the gut, the incidence of IBD is increasing rapidly worldwide . Abnormal immune responses of gut microbiota due to environmental factors are thought to be one of the most important causes of IBD .…”

“An impact of Wi-Fi irradiation on the gut microbiome of rats”

“…Such a disturbance of the micro ora is typical for a range of pathological conditions, such as in ammatory bowel disease (IBD). There is a growing body of evidence that the changes in the composition and diversity of the gut microbiome are key factors leading to the development of IBD [37][38][39] . For instance, Fourie N.H. et al observed similar changes in gut microbiota composition in the stress-induced IBD model 40 .…”