Dietary patterns among British adults: compatibility with dietary guidelines for salt/sodium, fat, saturated fat and sugars

Gibson, Sigrid; Ashwell, Margaret

doi:10.1017/s1368980011000875

Cited by 20 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The finding that the sugar−fat seesaw only holds when nutrients are expressed on a %E or energy-adjusted basis is nevertheless highly relevant because population dietary guidelines are formulated on a %E basis. The finding is also consistent with the conclusions of Gibson and Ashwell (2011) that it may be unrealistic to expect individuals to attain guidelines conceived as population intakes rather than individual targets.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Sugar-Fat Seesaw: A Systematic Review of the Evidence

Sadler¹,

McNulty

Gibson

2014

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Sugar-Fat Seesaw: A Systematic Review of the Evidence

Sadler¹,

McNulty

Gibson

2014

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

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“…The US Department of Agriculture reported that with low EI, high added sugar intake was associated with poorer healthy eating indices compared with those with low intakes of added sugar ( 33 ) . One study, using principal component analysis of 7-d dietary records in British adults, revealed that non-milk extrinsic sugar (E%) correlated inversely with the health-conscious dietary pattern ( 34 ) . On the other hand, overall diet quality was not associated with adherence to added and free sugar recommendations (<10 E%) in a very recent Dutch study ( 24 ) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Naturally occurring and added sugar in relation to macronutrient intake and food consumption: results from a population-based study in adults

et al. 2017

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Associations between sugar intake and the remaining diet are poorly described in modern food environments. We aimed at exploring associations of high naturally occurring and added sugar intakes with sociodemographic characteristics, intake of macronutrients, fibre and selected food groups. Our data comprised 4842 Finnish adults aged 25–74 years, who participated in the population-based DIetary, Lifestyle and Genetic determinants of Obesity and Metabolic syndrome (DILGOM) study. Diet was assessed by a validated 131-item FFQ. The food item disaggregation approach was used to estimate sucrose and fructose intakes from natural sources (naturally occurring sugar) and all other sources (added sugar). Sex-specific trends in macronutrient, fibre and food group intakes across sugar type quartiles were determined with general linear modelling adjusting for age, energy intake, leisure-time physical activity, smoking, education and BMI. Overall, results were similar across sexes. Young age was found to be a determinant of higher added sugar and lower naturally occurring sugar intakes (P < 0·0001). High added sugar intake was associated with low fibre intake (P < 0·0001) accompanied with lower fruit (P < 0·0001 women; P = 0·022 men) and vegetable consumption (P < 0·0001) and higher wheat consumption (P = 0·0003 women; P < 0·0001 men). Opposite results were found for naturally occurring sugar. Butter consumption increased by 28–32 % (P < 0·0001) when shifting from the lowest to the highest added sugar intake quartile, while a decrease of 26–38 % (P < 0·0001) was found for naturally occurring sugar. Therefore, the associations of sugar types with dietary carbohydrate and fat quality seem opposing. Proper adjustments with dietary variables are needed when studying independent relationships between sugar and health.

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“…However, blood pressure levels were not reduced in patients on the LCD at 24 months. It cannot be excluded that salt intake increased in parallel with ingestion of fat, as has been demonstrated in the general population [23], leading to less favourable blood pressure levels. Unfortunately, we did not collect urine for determination of the amount of sodium.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In type 2 diabetes, randomisation to advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet transiently improves glycaemic control compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet producing a similar weight loss

et al. 2012

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Aims/hypothesisThe study aimed to compare the effects of a 2 year intervention with a low-fat diet (LFD) or a low-carbohydrate diet (LCD), based on four group meetings to achieve compliance.MethodsThis was a prospective randomised parallel trial involving 61 adults with type 2 diabetes consecutively recruited in primary care and randomised by drawing ballots. Patients that did not speak Swedish could not be recruited. The primary outcomes in this non-blinded study were weight and HbA1c. Patients on the LFD aimed for 55–60 energy per cent (E%) and those on LCD for 20 E% from carbohydrate.ResultsThe mean BMI and HbA1c of the participants were 32.7 ± 5.4 kg/m2 and 57.0 ± 9.2 mmol/mol, respectively. No patients were lost to follow-up. Weight loss did not differ between groups and was maximal at 6 months: LFD −3.99 ± 4.1 kg (n = 31); LCD −4.31 ± 3.6 kg (n = 30); p < 0.001 within groups. At 24 months, patients on the LFD had lost −2.97 ± 4.9 kg and those on LCD −2.34 ± 5.1 kg compared with baseline (p = 0.002 and p = 0.020 within groups, respectively). HbA1c fell in the LCD group only (LCD at 6 months −4.8 ± 8.3 mmol/mol, p = 0.004, at 12 months −2.2 ± 7.7 mmol/mol, p = 0.12; LFD at 6 months −0.9 ± 8.8 mmol/mol, p = 0.56). At 6 months, HDL-cholesterol had increased with the LCD (from 1.13 ± 0.33 mmol/l to 1.25 ± 0.47 mmol/l, p = 0.018) while LDL-cholesterol did not differ between groups. Insulin doses were reduced in the LCD group (0 months, LCD 42 ± 65 E, LFD 39 ± 51 E; 6 months, LCD 30 ± 47 E, LFD 38 ± 48 E; p = 0.046 for between-group change).Conclusions/interpretationWeight changes did not differ between the diet groups, while insulin doses were reduced significantly more with the LCD at 6 months, when compliance was good. Thus, aiming for 20% of energy intake from carbohydrates is safe with respect to cardiovascular risk compared with the traditional LFD and this approach could constitute a treatment alternative.Trial registration:ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01005498Funding:University Hospital of Linköping Research Funds, Linköping University, the County Council of Östergötland, and the Diabetes Research Centre of Linköping UniversityElectronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2567-4) contains peer-reviewed but unedited supplementary material, which is available to authorised users.

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Dietary patterns among British adults: compatibility with dietary guidelines for salt/sodium, fat, saturated fat and sugars

Abstract: Objective: To examine dietary patterns among British adults, associations with Na and macronutrient intakes, and implications for dietary advice. Design: Principal component analysis of 7 d weighed dietary records.

Cited by 20 publications

References 25 publications

Sugar-Fat Seesaw: A Systematic Review of the Evidence

Sugar-Fat Seesaw: A Systematic Review of the Evidence

Naturally occurring and added sugar in relation to macronutrient intake and food consumption: results from a population-based study in adults

In type 2 diabetes, randomisation to advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet transiently improves glycaemic control compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet producing a similar weight loss

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