Dietary Omega-6/Omega-3 and Endocannabinoids: Implications for Brain Health and Diseases

Bosch‐Bouju, Clémentine; Layé, Sophie

doi:10.5772/62498

Cited by 14 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 168 publications

(239 reference statements)

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“…Once free DHA has entered the brain, it is esterified at membrane phospholipids (both in neurons and glial cells). However, upon neuronal stimulation, injury or stress, DHA is released from phospholipids and can either activate specific receptors or be metabolized into specific derivatives, such as eCBs or oxylipins which regulate specific pathways important to neurotransmission or neuroinflammation ( Bazinet and Layé, 2014 ; Bosch-bouju and Layé, 2016 ; Layé et al, 2018 ). In the following section, we first describe the receptors which have been reported to mediate DHA effect in the brain.…”

Section: Relevant Mechanisms For Nutritional ω3 Pufa-induced Mood-relmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regulation of the eCB system could mediate the neuroprotective effect of ω3 PUFAs as both are thought to be involved in depression. The eCB system is in a unique position to link food lipids, neuroplasticity and behavior ( Bazinet and Layé, 2014 ; Bosch-bouju and Layé, 2016 ; Chianese et al, 2017 ). eCBs are signaling lipids produced from membrane LC fatty acid in response to neuronal activity and they bind the GPCR CB1R ( Mackie, 2008 ) ( Figure 2 ).…”

Section: Relevant Mechanisms For Nutritional ω3 Pufa-induced Mood-relmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Food for Mood: Relevance of Nutritional Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Depression and Anxiety

2018

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The central nervous system (CNS) has the highest concentration of lipids in the organism after adipose tissue. Among these lipids, the brain is particularly enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) represented by the omega-6 (ω6) and omega-3 (ω3) series. These PUFAs include arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), respectively. PUFAs have received substantial attention as being relevant to many brain diseases, including anxiety and depression. This review addresses an important question in the area of nutritional neuroscience regarding the importance of ω3 PUFAs in the prevention and/or treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases, mainly depression and anxiety. In particular, it focuses on clinical and experimental data linking dietary intake of ω3 PUFAs and depression or anxiety. In particular, we will discuss recent experimental data highlighting how ω3 PUFAs can modulate neurobiological processes involved in the pathophysiology of anxiety and depression. Potential mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective and corrective activity of ω3 PUFAs in the brain are discussed, in particular the sensing activity of free fatty acid receptors and the activity of the PUFAs-derived endocannabinoid system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis.

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Section: Relevant Mechanisms For Nutritional ω3 Pufa-induced Mood-relmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Relevant Mechanisms For Nutritional ω3 Pufa-induced Mood-relmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food for Mood: Relevance of Nutritional Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Depression and Anxiety

2018

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“…84 The importance of brain eCB signaling in the understanding of how altered dietary intake of PUFA correlates with a range of neurological disorders is of high interest. 81 However, other dietary factors may also contribute to improved cognition and prevention of cognitive disorders. Polyphenolic-rich foods are a further example that have been shown to have benefit, particularly in the context of aging.…”

Section: Dietary Omega-3 Pufa Regulate Neuroinflammation and Ecbs: Romentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The dietary omega-3/omega-6 PUFA ratio directly influences the proportion of ethanolamides derived from AA and DHA. 81 The modulation of eCB is accompanied by the impairment of neuronal CB1R activity and synaptic activity in several brain structures.…”

Section: Dietary Omega-3 Pufa Regulate Neuroinflammation and Ecbs: Romentioning

confidence: 99%

Food for thought: how nutrition impacts cognition and emotion

et al. 2017

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More than one-third of American adults are obese and statistics are similar worldwide. Caloric intake and diet composition have large and lasting effects on cognition and emotion, especially during critical periods in development, but the neural mechanisms for these effects are not well understood. A clear understanding of the cognitive-emotional processes underpinning desires to over-consume foods can assist more effective prevention and treatments of obesity. This review addresses recent work linking dietary fat intake and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid dietary imbalance with inflammation in developing, adult, and aged brains. Thus, early-life diet and exposure to stress can lead to cognitive dysfunction throughout life and there is potential for early nutritional interventions (e.g., with essential micronutrients) for preventing these deficits. Likewise, acute consumption of a high-fat diet primes the hippocampus to produce a potentiated neuroinflammatory response to a mild immune challenge, causing memory deficits. Low dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids can also contribute to depression through its effects on endocannabinoid and inflammatory pathways in specific brain regions leading to synaptic phagocytosis by microglia in the hippocampus, contributing to memory loss. However, encouragingly, consumption of fruits and vegetables high in polyphenolics can prevent and even reverse age-related cognitive deficits by lowering oxidative stress and inflammation. Understanding relationships between diet, cognition, and emotion is necessary to uncover mechanisms involved in and strategies to prevent or attenuate comorbid neurological conditions in obese individuals.

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“…Concomitantly to serum DHA enrichment, we observed a drop in AA proportion, thus leading to a sharp increase in the DHA/AA ratio. Omega-3/omega-6 ratio is known to have an impact on global health [48], and the balance of this ratio could also impact the endocannabinoid system [49], notably because AA is a precursor of the two main eCBs 2-AG and AEA. Indeed, n-6 PUFAs-enriched diets have been shown to increase the level of 2-AG or AEA in the brain, plasma, and peripheral tissues in non-hibernating animal models [50][51][52][53].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Specific shifts in the endocannabinoid system in hibernating brown bears

Boyer

Cussonneau

Brun

et al. 2020

Preprint

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In small hibernators, global downregulation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), which is involved in modulating neuronal signaling, feeding behavior, energy metabolism, and circannual rhythms, has been reported to possibly drive physiological adaptation to the hibernating state. In hibernating brown bears ( Ursus arctos ), we hypothesized that beyond an overall suppression of the ECS, seasonal shift in endocannabinoids compounds could be linked to bear’s peculiar features that include hibernation without arousal episodes and capacity to react to external disturbance. We explored circulating lipids in serum and the ECS in plasma and metabolically active tissues in free-ranging subadult Scandinavian brown bears when both active and hibernating. In winter bear serum, in addition to a 2-fold increase in total fatty acid concentration, we found significant changes in relative proportions of circulating fatty acids, such as a 2-fold increase in docosahexaenoic acid C22:6 n-3 and a decrease in arachidonic acid C20:4 n-6. In adipose and muscle tissues of hibernating bears, we found significant lower concentrations of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), a major ligand of cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2). Lower mRNA level for genes encoding CB1 and CB2 were also found in winter muscle and adipose tissue, respectively. The observed reduction in ECS tone may promote fatty acid mobilization from body fat stores, and favor carbohydrate metabolism in skeletal muscle of hibernating bears. Additionally, high circulating level of the endocannabinoid-like compound N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA) in winter could favor lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation in peripheral tissues. We also speculated on a role of OEA in the conservation of an anorexigenic signal and in the maintenance of torpor during hibernation, while sustaining the capacity of bears to sense stimuli from the environment.

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Dietary Omega-6/Omega-3 and Endocannabinoids: Implications for Brain Health and Diseases

Cited by 14 publications

References 168 publications

Food for Mood: Relevance of Nutritional Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Depression and Anxiety

Food for Mood: Relevance of Nutritional Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Depression and Anxiety

Food for thought: how nutrition impacts cognition and emotion

Specific shifts in the endocannabinoid system in hibernating brown bears

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