Dietary mycotoxins, co-exposure, and carcinogenesis in humans: Short review

Ruyck, Karl De; Boevre, Marthe De; Huybrechts, Inge; Saeger, Sarah De

doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2015.07.003

Cited by 216 publications

(157 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…Mycotoxins are nearly all cytotoxic, disrupting various cellular structures such as membranes, and interfering with vital cellular processes such as protein, RNA and DNA synthesis [11].…”

Section: Mycotoxins In Food Commoditiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the mycotoxins of most concern for mammals, aflatoxins are known to be potent hepatocarcinogenic and genotoxic compounds [11]. Other mycotoxins, such as ochratoxin A, patulin, and Fusarium toxins (i.e.…”

Section: Mycotoxins In Food Commoditiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other mycotoxins, such as ochratoxin A, patulin, and Fusarium toxins (i.e. trichothecenes, fumonisins, and zearalenone) have a range of other health effects including kidney damage, gastrointestinal disturbances, reproductive disorders or suppression of the immune system [11,15].…”

Section: Mycotoxins In Food Commoditiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mycotoxins and Nuclear Receptors: A Still Underexplored Issue

Dall’Asta¹

2016

Nuclear Receptor Research

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Abstract.Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites that can be found in food commodities worldwide. They exert a wide range of adverse effects towards humans and animals. Although toxicological studies have addressed these food contaminants over decades, their mode of actions as well as their synergistic effects are still to be deeply clarified. Among the toxicological targets, nuclear receptors have been identified by several studies. Besides the estrogenic effect, a wider range of endocrine and neuroendocrine disrupting effects have been reported so far. This review is aimed at addressing the recent advances in toxicology, and at highlighting possible gaps of knowledge.

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“…Mycotoxins are nearly all cytotoxic, disrupting various cellular structures such as membranes, and interfering with vital cellular processes such as protein, RNA and DNA synthesis [11].…”

Section: Mycotoxins In Food Commoditiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mycotoxins In Food Commoditiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mycotoxins and Nuclear Receptors: A Still Underexplored Issue

Dall’Asta¹

2016

Nuclear Receptor Research

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“…In animals, aflatoxins may lower resistance to diseases, interrupt vaccine‐induced immunity, and adversely affect growth and reproduction, causing serious economic losses (CAST 2003; Fink‐Gremmels, 1999). When animal feeds are infected with aflatoxin‐producing fungi, aflatoxins are introduced into animal source food chains and can be converted to M‐type aflatoxins (De Ruyck, De Boevre, Huybrechts, & De Saeger, 2015; Iqbal, Jinap, Pirouz, & Ahmad Faizal, 2015). Infection and production of aflatoxins by ubiquitous, air‐borne, and soil‐inhabiting species of fungi begin at preharvest stages and may continue to increase until the grain is consumed (Waliyar, Ntare, Diallo, Kodio, & Diarra, 2007; Waliyar et al., 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of aflatoxin in agricultural produce from local markets in Burundi and Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo

Udomkun

Mutegi

Wossen

et al. 2018

Food Science & Nutrition

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Aflatoxins are noxious secondary metabolites, of certain fungal species, found in food and feed. Contamination of a commodity with aflatoxins is associated with production and storage losses, and subsequently less food availability. Aflatoxins can also pose human health risks and represent a barrier to the development of trade, in both domestic and international markets. In this study, samples of cassava, maize, groundnut, beans, soybean, sorghum and milk, and their processed products were collected from local markets in Burundi and Eastern DRC. In order to investigate the levels of aflatoxin, crop samples were analyzed using a single step lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (Reveal Q+), while enzyme‐linked immune‐sorbent assay (ELISA) was used to analyze aflatoxin‐M1 in milk, yogurt, and cheese samples. The results revealed the presence of aflatoxins in all samples from both countries, with levels ranging from 1.3 to 2,410 μg/kg. Samples collected from Burundi contained relatively higher (p > 0.0.5) levels of aflatoxins. In 51% of all the crops samples, total aflatoxin contamination was above the EU maximum tolerable level of 4 μg/kg. Processed products, particularly from groundnut, maize, and sorghum, had the highest levels of aflatoxin contamination when compared to unprocessed grain. With regard to milk and dairy products, the level of aflatoxin‐M1 ranged from 4.8 to 261.1 ng/kg. Approximately 29% of milk and yogurt samples had aflatoxin‐M1 higher than the EU regulatory limit of 50 ng/kg, whereas 20% of cheese samples were found to be contaminated at levels higher than the maximum limit of 250 ng/kg. These results can serve as the basis for pre‐ and postharvest approaches to reduce aflatoxin contamination in agricultural commodities in Burundi and Eastern DRC in order to reduce health risk, avoid reduced production in livestock, and open up export markets.

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“…All over the world, recent surveys highlight the fact that humans are more frequently exposed to multiple than to single mycotoxins (De Ruyck et al, 2015;Grenier and Oswald, 2011;Solfrizzo et al, 2014;Stoev, 2015) given the natural co-occurrence of mycotoxins in food and the globalisation of food markets (McKean et al, 2006). Furthermore, climate changes towards an increase of temperature and humidity in certain European regions are expected to favour the growth of contaminating fungi, thereby increasing the likelihood of food commodities contamination with mycotoxins (Paterson and Lima, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges in risk assessment of multiple mycotoxins in food

Assunção

Silva

Alvito

2016

WMJ

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Most fungi are able to produce several mycotoxins simultaneously and, consequently, to contaminate a wide variety of foodstuffs. Therefore, the risk of human co-exposure to multiple mycotoxins is real, raising a growing concern about their potential impact on human health. Besides, government and industry regulations are usually based on individual toxicities, and do not take into account the complex dynamics associated with interactions between co-occurring groups of mycotoxins. The present work assembles, for the first time, the challenges posed by the likelihood of human co-exposure to these toxins and the possibility of interactive effects occurring after absorption, towards knowledge generation to support a more accurate human risk assessment. Regarding hazard assessment, a physiologically-based framework is proposed in order to infer the health effects from exposure to multiple mycotoxins in food, including knowledge on the bioaccessibility, toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of single and combined toxins. The prioritisation of the most relevant mixtures to be tested under experimental conditions that attempt to mimic human exposure and the use of adequate mathematical approaches to evaluate interactions, particularly concerning the combined genotoxicity, were identified as the main challenges for hazard assessment. Regarding exposure assessment, the need of harmonised food consumption data, availability of multianalyte methods for mycotoxin quantification, management of left-censored data, use of probabilistic models and multibiomarker approaches are highlighted, in order to develop a more precise and realistic exposure assessment. To conclude, further studies on hazard and exposure assessment of multiple mycotoxins, using harmonised methodologies, are crucial towards an improvement of data quality and a more reliable and robust risk characterisation, which is central for risk management and, consequently, to prevent mycotoxins-associated adverse effects. A deep understanding of the nature of interactions between multiple mycotoxins will contribute to draw real conclusions on the health impact of human exposure to mycotoxin mixtures.

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Dietary mycotoxins, co-exposure, and carcinogenesis in humans: Short review

Cited by 216 publications

References 97 publications

Mycotoxins and Nuclear Receptors: A Still Underexplored Issue

Mycotoxins and Nuclear Receptors: A Still Underexplored Issue

Occurrence of aflatoxin in agricultural produce from local markets in Burundi and Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo

Challenges in risk assessment of multiple mycotoxins in food

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