Dietary Magnesium Intake Is Inversely Associated with Mortality in Adults at High Cardiovascular Disease Risk

Abstract

The relation between dietary magnesium intake and cardiovascular disease (CVD) or mortality was evaluated in several prospective studies, but few of them have assessed the risk of all-cause mortality, which has never been evaluated in Mediterranean adults at high cardiovascular risk. The aim of this study was to assess the association between magnesium intake and CVD and mortality risk in a Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular risk with high average magnesium intake. The present study included 7216 men and women aged 55-80 y from the PREDIMED (Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea) study, a randomized clinical trial. Participants were assigned to 1 of 2 Mediterranean diets (supplemented with nuts or olive oil) or to a control diet (advice on a low-fat diet). Mortality was ascertained by linkage to the National Death Index and medical records. We fitted multivariable-adjusted Cox regressions to assess associations between baseline energy-adjusted tertiles of magnesium intake and relative risk of CVD and mortality. Multivariable analyses with generalized estimating equation models were used to assess the associations between yearly repeated measurements of magnesium intake and mortality. After a median follow-up of 4.8 y, 323 total deaths, 81 cardiovascular deaths, 130 cancer deaths, and 277 cardiovascular events occurred. Energy-adjusted baseline magnesium intake was inversely associated with cardiovascular, cancer, and all-cause mortality. Compared with lower consumers, individuals in the highest tertile of magnesium intake had a 34% reduction in mortality risk (HR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.45, 0.95; P < 0.01). Dietary magnesium intake was inversely associated with mortality risk in Mediterranean individuals at high risk of CVD. This trial was registered at controlled-trials.com as ISRCTN35739639.

Calcium, magnesium and phosphorus dietary intake in active and sedentary Polish students

“…The lack of difference in magnesium intake in active and sedentary subjects and a similar percentage of subjects with a low magnesium intake suggest that both groups are at risk of magnesium deficiency and its consequences such as type 2 diabetes, CVD and cancer [15,17,23]. In addition, taking into account that 60% of body magnesium is stored in bones and magnesium plays an important role in vitamin D synthesis [36], it seems that in our participants inadequate magnesium intake together with low calcium and high phosphorus possibly contribute to decreased bone mineralization [5].…”

Nutrition and Diet Factors in Type 2 Diabetes

“…KD have also been associated with an increase in size and volume of LDL cholesterol particles, which is considered to reduce cardiovascular risk by decreasing atherogenicity [81]. Nevertheless, several studies showed an increase in LDL cholesterol levels [82,83,85,86], but not significantly in the trial by Westman et al [85]; in these cases, KD were 139 …”

Dose-response relationship between dietary magnesium intake and cardiovascular mortality: A systematic review and dose-based meta-regression analysis of prospective studies

“…After excluding one study conducted in Spain [36], the association between increased dietary magnesium intake and CVD mortality was marginally significant (HR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.69, 1.01; p = 0.06), which suggested a protective dose-response effect of dietary magnesium intake against CVD mortality. Excluding the study of Spain appears appropriate because the lowest intake was above the recommended dietary allowance.…”

“…1) [11,12,14,21,[36][37][38][39][40]. These studies were published between 2005 and 2014 and comprised 449,748 individuals and 10,313 CVD deaths (Table 1).…”