Insect growth regulators (IGRs) guide animal development
through
injection, oral feeding, or topical application. Among them, lufenuron
is a widely used insect cuticle inhibitor but only shows a gastric
toxic effect. Lacking contact toxicity limits the effective utilization
when spraying the lufenuron pesticide. To overcome this shortcoming,
a nanocarrier (star polycation, SPc)-based transdermal delivery system
was applied to improve the penetrability and contact toxicity of lufenuron.
The fluoride groups in lufenuron could interact with the tertiary
amines in the branch-chain of the SPc through electrostatic interaction
to form a lufenuron/SPc complex. The above interaction reduced the
particle size of lufenuron from 933 to 70 nm. Interestingly, the contact
toxicity of SPc-loaded lufenuron was remarkably improved with effects
of higher larval mortality and lower egg hatching rate of the devastating
pest fall armyworm. The physiological and molecular toxic mechanism
was revealed by RNA-Seq analysis. The SPc-loaded lufenuron apparently
down-regulated cuticle-related genes and thus inhibited insect cuticle
formation. Such contact toxicity was achieved by the transdermal nanodelivery
of lufenuron, which up-regulated endocytosis-related genes for drug
uptake. This study is the first successful application of a nanoparticle-mediated
transdermal delivery system to explore the contact toxicity of an
IGR, which alters the IRG’s action mode from oral feeding to
topical application.