Dietary lipids and the inflammatory response

Grimble, Robert F.

doi:10.1079/pns19980078

Cited by 83 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Still other studies have shown that linoleic acid (n-6) decreases the activity of IL-2 [129], and increases IL-1 production and tissue response to cytokines, while n-3 generally decreases IL-1 production and activity [44]. Despite some disagreement among studies, it seems that n-3 fatty acids (alpha-linolenic acid, DHA, EPA) decrease the production and activity of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF alpha ) [13,20,52,124] and that n-6 family has the opposite effect [19,44,54]. The ability of n-3 PUFA to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandin [21] lead to the proposal for the use of fish oil to relieve pain.…”

Section: Pufa and The Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 97%

The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in restoring the aging neuronal membrane

Yehuda¹,

Rabinovitz²,

Carasso³

et al. 2002

Neurobiology of Aging

349

200

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In addition to a gradual loss of neurons in various brain regions, major biochemical changes in the brain affect the neuronal membrane that is the "site of action" for many essential functions including long-term potentiation (LTP), learning and memory, sleep, pain threshold, and thermoregulation. Normal physiological functioning includes the transmission of axonal information, regulation of membrane-bound enzymes, control of ionic channels and various receptors. All are highly dependent on membrane fluidity, where rigidity is increased during aging. The significantly higher level of cholesterol in aging neuronal membrane, the slow rate of cholesterol turnover, and the decreased level of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) may result from poor passage rate via the blood-brain barrier, or from a decreased rate of incorporation into the membrane, or a decrease in the activities of delta-6 and delta-9 desaturase enzymes. The added oxidative stress, which leads to an increase of free radicals leading to a decrease in membrane fluidity, may respond to a restricted diet, and thereby overcome the damaging effects of the free radicals. A central focus of this review is that a specific ratio of n-3/n-6 PUFA can restore many of these age-related effects.

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Section: Pufa and The Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 97%

The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in restoring the aging neuronal membrane

Yehuda¹,

Rabinovitz²,

Carasso³

et al. 2002

Neurobiology of Aging

349

200

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“…n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are key components of immunonutrient formulations, due to their antiinflammatory properties (Endres et al 1989;Gerster, 1995;Calder, 1997;Grimble 1998b). However, it is not possible to discern the contribution of n-3 PUFA to the general antiinflammatory and immuno-enhancive effects demonstrated in trials using such formulations.…”

Section: Variability In Responsiveness To Immunonutrientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional modulation of immune function

2001

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The inflammatory response to injury and infection, although an essential part of immune function, carries the risk of severe tissue depletion and immunosuppression. These outcomes increase morbidity and delay recovery. Evidence is accumulating that single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the genes controlling pro-inflammatory cytokine production adversely influence the response. Immunonutrition provides a means of modulating the inflammatory response to injury and infection, and thereby improves clinical outcome. n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), glutamine, arginine, S amino acids and nucleotides are important components of immunonutrient mixes. While animal model studies suggest that all these components may exert a beneficial effect in patients, the number of large randomized placebo-controlled trials utilizing immunonutrition is fairly limited and the observed effects are relatively small. Meta-analyses suggest that while immunonutrition may not reduce mortality rates, a reduction in hospital length of stay, decreased requirements for ventilation and lower infection rates are achieved by this mode of nutrition. The present paper discusses some underlying reasons for the difficulty in demonstrating the clinical efficacy of immunonutrition. Paramount among these reasons is the antioxidant status and genetic background of the patient. A number of studies suggest that there is an inverse relationship between inflammation and T-cell function. Immuno-enhancive effects have been shown in a number of studies in which n-3 PUFA, glutamine and N-acetyl cysteine have been employed. All these nutrients may exert their effects by suppressing inflammation; n-3 PUFA by direct suppression of the process and glutamine and N-acetyl cysteine by acting indirectly on antioxidant status. Glutamine and nucleotides exert a direct effect on lymphocyte proliferation. Preliminary data suggests that not all genotypes are equally sensitive to the effects of immunonutrition. When further studies have been conducted to discern the precise interaction between each individual's genotype of relevance to the response to injury and infection, and immunonutrients, the level of precision in the application of immunonutrition will undoubtedly improve.

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“…Pasturefinished cattle may also produce beef with a more desirable fatty acid composition in terms of its effect on human health, especially in relation to the content of omega-3 (w3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (Sinclair & O'Dea 1990). There is now widespread evidence that high intakes of w3 PUFA have several beneficial effects on human health (Kinsella et al 1990;Weber & Leaf 1991;Grimble 1998). Two experiments have been carried out to evaluate high quality ryegrass pasture for finishing beef cattle relative to high-concentrate diets in terms of carcass and lean growth rates and to examine the effects of high quality pasture and highconcentrate diets on carcass composition at equal growth rates and on the fatty acid composition of beef.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of pasture and high‐concentrate diets on the performance of beef cattle, carcass composition at equal growth rates, and the fatty acid composition of beef

Steen

Lavery

Kilpatrick

et al. 2003

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research

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Two experiments were carried out to examine the effects of high quality pasture and high-concentrate diets on liveweight and carcass gain of beef cattle, carcass composition at equal carcass gain, and the fatty acid composition of beef. Heifers of late-maturing breed type (406 kg initial liveweight; Experiment 1) and steers of latematuring breed type (460 kg initial liveweight; Experiment 2) were finished on a ryegrass pasture or a high-concentrate diet at either (1) ad libitum, (2) 85% of ad libitum intake or (3) 70% of ad libitum intake. The high-concentrate diet consisted of 95% barley-based concentrate and 5% barley straw. Carcass gain of the animals finished at pasture (648 g day -1 ) was 0.78 in Experiment 1 (P < 0.001) and 0.88 in Experiment 2 (P > 0.1) of that of the animals given the high-concentrate diet ad libitum. Gains in lean meat were similar for animals finished at pasture and those given concentrates ad libitum, whereas daily fat gains were 39% lower for the animals finished at pasture (P < 0.001). At an equal rate of carcass gain, animals finished at pasture produced carcasses with a higher lean content (P = 0.03) and a lower fat content (P = 0.03) than those produced from the high-concentrate diet. Muscle from pasture-finished cattle had higher concentrations of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (141 versus 49 ± 8.2 mg 100 g -1 muscle) and long-chain omega-3 PUFA (58 versus 27 ± 3.8 mg 100 g -1 muscle) than muscle from concentrate-fed cattle. These results highlight the potential of high quality ryegrass pasture for finishing cattle, and meat from pasturefinished cattle as a source of omega-3 PUFA.

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Dietary lipids and the inflammatory response

Cited by 83 publications

References 40 publications

The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in restoring the aging neuronal membrane

The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in restoring the aging neuronal membrane

Nutritional modulation of immune function

Effects of pasture and high‐concentrate diets on the performance of beef cattle, carcass composition at equal growth rates, and the fatty acid composition of beef

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