Dietary Intake of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Among Breast‐feeding and Non–breast‐feeding 24‐ to 48‐month‐old Children in Bangladesh

Abstract

Objective-To assess the adequacy of polyunsaturated fatty acid intake by rural Bangladeshi children 24-48 months of age in relation to their breastfeeding status.Methods-Multi-stage sampling was used to select a representative sample of children 24-48 mo of age from two rural districts in Bangladesh (n=479). Two non-consecutive 24 h periods of dietary data were collected via 12 h daytime in-home observations and recall. Breast milk intake was estimated using test weighing. The National Cancer Institute method for episodically consumed foods was used to estimate distributions of usual food and nutrient intakes.Results-Based on the estimated intake distributions, more than 95% of the children had usual fat intakes less than 30% of total energy. Among 24-35 mo (younger) and 36-48 mo (older) children, respectively, 4% and 16% of breastfeeding children and 31% and 41% of nonbreastfeeding children were estimated to consume less than 10% of total energy from fat. An estimated 80% of all children consumed less than 4% of total energy as linoleic acid, and 99% consumed less than 1% of energy as alpha-linolenic acid. Younger breastfeeding children had higher estimated average docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intakes (0.04 g DHA/d) than their nonbreastfeeding counterparts (0.01 g DHA/d; p = 0.0005). Both breastfeeding and non-breastfeeding older children had estimated mean DHA intakes of 0.02 g/d (p=0.74). Conclusions-RuralBangladeshi children 24-48 months of age, and especially those who have discontinued breastfeeding, may benefit from increased fat consumption.

Current Information and Asian Perspectives on Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Pregnancy, Lactation, and Infancy: Systematic Review and Practice Recommendations from an Early Nutrition Academy Workshop

“…In pregnant women, the lowest DHA intakes were reported in India in the third trimester of pregnancy at only 11 mg [27], and in Bangladesh the DHA intake was only 30 mg/day [147]. …”

“…In Bangladesh, the total fat intakes were extremely low at 19.5% of energy in breast-fed children and only 12.7% of energy in non-breast-fed children at 24-35 months of age [147], whereas in children aged 1-3 years in rural areas from the Yunnan Province in China the mean fat intake was 24 ± 7% of energy [152]. …”

“…Some countries have reported lower levels of DHA in breast milk, e.g. 0.23% in Nepal [148], and 0.30% in Bangladesh [147], whereas higher DHA levels than the approximately 0.3% typically found in breast milk in Western countries [149] were reported in the Philippines (0.74 ± 0.05%) and a coastal area of Southeastern China (0.61 ± 0.46%) [150] and about 1% was reported in Japan [151]. These data reflect that the DHA content in human milk directly responds to the maternal dietary DHA intake [47].…”

Lipid-based nutrient supplementation in the first 1000 d improves child growth in Bangladesh: a cluster-randomized effectiveness trial

“…Long-chain PUFAs make up a substantial proportion of brain tissue, much of which is accreted during the first 1000 d (10). In countries such as Bangladesh, the PUFA content of maternal and infant diets may be below recommended levels (13,14). For this reason, providing essential fatty acids in home fortification products could be beneficial (15).…”

Breast Milk as a Gold Standard for Development of Artificial Milk Formulas

“…Не всасываясь в тонкой кишке, олигосахариды попадают в неизмененном виде в просвет толстой кишки, где ферментируясь, становят-ся субстратом для роста собственных бифидобактерий. Кроме того, отдельные виды олигосахаридов обладают способностью связывать патогенные бактерии, вирусы, токсины и антитела [19]. На основании изучения струк-туры и физиологической роли олигосахариды женского молока создают сходные с ними по составу галакто-и фруктоолигосахариды, введение которых в состав адап-тированных смесей позволяет улучшать микроэкологию кишечника детей, а также синтезируют сходные с ними по составу галактоолигосахариды, получаемые посред-ством ферментативного синтеза из лактозы, и фрукто-олигосахариды (или фруктаны), которые экстрагируют из растений.…”