Dietary intake of pesticides: State of Kuwait total diet study

Abstract

The State of Kuwait conducted a total diet study (TDS) to determine the dietary intakes of selected pesticides. This paper reports the results of this study. A national food consumption survey was performed and core food lists for different population groups were established representing the total diet of the Kuwaiti population. Food items (table-ready) were purchased/prepared and analysed for their contents of organophosphate/organochlorine carbamate, benzimidazole and phenylurea pesticides according to the US FDA Pesticide Analytical Manual (PAM I). Dietary intakes of these pesticides are presented for 19 population groups, which range from infants to elderly adults. The intakes of selected population groups are compared with representative findings from the US FDA/TDS and data published from other countries. In general, the average daily intakes were well below acceptable limits, but higher than those reported from developed countries.

Monitoring of pesticide residues in vegetarian diet

“…Residues of hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane), o,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDT and β-endosulfan have been reported in total diet samples from Aragon (Northeastern Spain) by Lazaro et al 1996 where the levels of these organochlorine compounds were well below the respective maximum residue limits set by European regulations. In the total diet study conducted in State of Kuwait by Sawaya et al 1999 reported that the average daily intakes were well below acceptable limits but higher than those reported from developed countries. Daily intakes of pesticides based on the market basket method were estimated during 3 years in Japan by Yoshioka et al 2006.…”

“…Studies on dietary intake of pesticide residues have been carried out in various part of the world by several research workers (Kaphalia 1985;Tanabe et al 1991;Shukla et al 2002;Madan and Kathpal 2004). Sawaya et al (1999Sawaya et al ( , 2000 conducted a total diet study including 139 food items to estimate pesticides intake by the population of Kuwait. In a study during 1996 in Northeastern Spain, Lazaro et al (1996) determined 21 organochlorine pesticides in samples of different meals of the average diet with capillary gas chromatography.…”

Assessment of average exposure to organochlorine pesticides in southern Togo from water, maize (Zea mays) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)

“…The total dietary intake of the pesticide residue is then obtained by summing up intakes from all foods and drinking water containing this residue (WHO 1997). In this study the average quantity of the edible parts of maize and of cowpea ingested per day by an adult of 55 kg was estimated via the method previously described by Sawaya et al (1999). The estimated values were 350 g for maize and 45 g for cowpea according to the inquiry data collected from 50 households in five localities in 'Re´gion des plateaux'.…”

Occurrence of contaminants in foods commonly consumed in Bahrain

“…In Kuwait, Sawaya et al (1999a) found certain fruits to exceed the maximum residue limits for pesticides specified by the monitoring agencies. In another study to determine the dietary intakes of selected pesticides in Kuwaiti population it was found that average daily intakes of pesticides were well below acceptable limits, but higher than those reported from developed countries (Sawaya et al, 1999b). A study on the pesticides and heavy metals level in Egyptian leafy vegetables showed that 97% of the leafy vegetables were contaminated with heavy metals with 39% exceeding the maximum limits for each element (Dogheim, Ashraf el, Alla, Khorshid, & Fahmy, 2004).…”