Dietary intake of heterocyclic amines in relation to socio-economic, lifestyle and other dietary factors: estimates in a Swedish population

Abstract

Objectives: To estimate the dietary intakes of heterocyclic amines (HCAs), to examine the intakes in relation to socio-economics, lifestyle and other dietary factors and to compare the classification of subjects by intake of HCA versus intake of meat and fish. Design: Cross-sectional analysis within the Malmö Diet and Cancer (MDC) cohort. Data were obtained from a modified diet history, a structured questionnaire on socioeconomics and lifestyle, anthropometric measurements and chemical analysis of HCAs. HCA intake was cross-classified against meat and fish intake. The likelihood of being a high consumer of HCAs was estimated by logistic regression analysis. Dietary intakes were examined across quintiles of HCA intake using analysis of variance. Setting: Baseline examinations conducted in 1991-1994 in Malmö, Sweden. Subjects: A sub-sample of 8599 women and 6575 men of the MDC cohort. Results: The mean daily HCA intake was 583 ng for women and 821 ng for men. Subjects were ranked differently with respect to HCA intake compared with intake of fried and baked meat and fish (k ¼ 0.13). High HCA intake was significantly associated with lower age, overweight, sedentary lifestyle and smoking. Intakes of dietary fibre, fruits and fermented milk products were negatively associated with HCA intake, while intakes of selenium, vegetables, potatoes, alcohol (among men) and non-milk-based margarines (among women) were positively associated with HCA intake. Conclusions: The estimated daily HCA intake of 690 ng is similar to values obtained elsewhere. The present study suggests that lifestyle factors (e.g. smoking, physical activity, fruit and vegetable intakes, and types of milk products and margarines) may confound associations between HCA intake and disease. The poor correlation between HCA intake and intakes of fried meat and fish facilitates an isolation of the health effects of HCAs. Keywords Heterocyclic aminesSocio-economics Lifestyle Nutrients Foods Cohort study Epidemiological studies have indicated that diet is an important factor in the global variation of human cancer rates and the importance of dietary components for cancer development has been generally accepted. Doll and Peto estimated in 1981 that 10 -70% of all cancer in the USA could be related to diet 1 . The mutagenic/carcinogenic heterocyclic amines (HCAs) in cooked foods have been discussed in the aetiology of human cancer 2 . The first report on high mutagenic activity in cooked meat appeared almost 30 years ago 3,4 ; since then much research has been devoted to studying various aspects of HCAs, such as their formation, occurrence in foods, levels of exposure, metabolism, dietary factors that influence their uptake and biotransformation, and hereditary factors that influence the metabolism of these dietary carcinogens 5 .The molecular structures of two of the most abundant HCAs,quinoxaline) and PhIP (2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b ]pyridine), are shown in Fig. 1.HCAs are absorbed and metabolised by humans; urinary metabolites of HCAs have...

Quantification of heterocyclic amines from thermally processed meats selected from a small‐scale population‐based study

“…The estimated daily intake of HA per capita from the analysis of the most-consumed meat dishes in a small population living in Spain, 285.6 ng, was higher than that estimated in Asian populations: 50 ng in China [43] and 72 ng in Japan [67], higher than the estimation carried out in Heidelberg (Germany), with 69 ng [68], but it was in the range of other European populations: 160 ng in Stockholm (Sweden) [26]; 690 ng in Malmö (Sweden) [69]; 330 ng in Switzerland [42]; 606 ng in Spain [29], and lower than in the United States: 1690 ng [70]; 455 ng [71]; 585 ng [72]; 715 -1293 ng [73], intakes estimated considering an average body mass of 65 kg. In this work, meat was the only source of HAs considered to estimate the daily intake of HAs per capita.…”

Food Borne Carcinogens: A Dead End?

“…For Asian populations: 50 ng in China (Wong et al, 2005) and 72 ng in Japan (Kobayashi et al, 2002) were estimated. In general, higher values have been found for European populations: 69 ng in Germany (Rohrmann et al, 2007); 160 ng , 690 ng (Ericson et al 2007) and 520 ng (Sonestedt et al, 2008) in Sweden; 330 ng in Switzerland (Zimmerli et al, 2001); and 286 ng and 606 ng in Spain (Busquets et al, 2004). Several studied performed in the United States studies found high values: 1.690 ng (Layton et al, 1995), 455 ng (Keating & Bogen, 2001), 585 ng (Bogen & Keating, 2001) and 715-1.293 ng (Keating & Bogen, 2004).…”

Influence of beer marinades on the reduction of carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amines in charcoal-grilled pork meat

“…The amount of fat and the area-to-mass ratio may explain the observed differences; nevertheless, the cut of the samples was selected on the basis of ordinary consumption of each type of meat. Rohrmann and Becker (2002) reported average HA intake of 103 ng day -1 for the European population, but for the Swedish population Ericson et al (2007) reported 690 ng day -1 , which means 9-10 ng kg -1 day -1 . Estimations for the US population range from 11 to 20 ng kg -1 day -1 (Keating & Bogen 2004).…”

“…Additionally, methods for dietary assessment and specific population dietary habits also affect the estimated carcinogens intake (Ericson et al 2007;Zheng & Lee 2009). The majority of epidemiological studies have shown that high intake of well-done meat and high exposure to meat carcinogens, particularly HAs, may increase the risk of human cancer.…”