Dietary intake and risk evaluation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in The Netherlands

Bakker, Martine; Winter-Sorkina, R. de; Mul, Anika de; Boon, Polly; Donkersgoed, Gerda van; Klaveren, J.D. van; Baumann, Bert; Hijman, Willie; Leeuwen, S.P.J. van; Boer, Jacob de; Zeilmaker, Marco J.

doi:10.1002/mnfr.200700112

Cited by 95 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…All other food groups analysed did not contain PBDEs above the analytical limit of detection (LOD) and were therefore not modelled. This finding is supported by Bakker et al (2008), who reported that exposure to PBDEs from foods other than of animal origin was restricted to a maximum of 10-15% of total PBDE exposure from food. Schecter et al (2010) considered the influence of foods other than of animal origin (here vegetable products) to be even smaller (around 2% of the total dose).…”

Section: Input Parameterssupporting

confidence: 60%

“…To put the Irish dose estimates into perspective, they are compared with doses presented in other studies (Table 5) (Bocio et al, 2003;Harrad et al, 2004;Gomara et al, 2006;UKFSA, 2006b;Voorspoels et al, 2007;Akutsu et al, 2008a;Bakker et al, 2008;Sioen et al, 2008;Schecter et al, 2010). We also present external doses (i.e., before uptake into the body) to make our estimates better comparable with other studies (for detailed results see Supplementary Table S11 and Table S12).…”

Section: Comparison Of Regionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two other probabilistic studies (Bakker et al, 2008;Sioen et al, 2008) did not include , and the study by Sioen et al (2008) focused on fish eaters only. However, both studies are useful reference points for this work, because they both modelled the most influential congeners (BDE-47 and BDE-99) and the consumption of fish.…”

Section: Comparison Of Regionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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PBDE exposure from food in Ireland: optimising data exploitation in probabilistic exposure modelling

Trudel

Tlustos

Goetz

et al. 2010

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants added to plastics, polyurethane foam, electronics, textiles, and other products. These products release PBDEs into the indoor and outdoor environment, thus causing human exposure through food and dust. This study models PBDE dose distributions from ingestion of food for Irish adults on congener basis by using two probabilistic and one semi-deterministic method. One of the probabilistic methods was newly developed and is based on summary statistics of food consumption combined with a model generating realistic daily energy supply from food. Median (intermediate) doses of total PBDEs are in the range of 0.4-0.6 ng/kg bw /day for Irish adults. The 97.5th percentiles of total PBDE doses lie in a range of 1.7-2.2 ng/kg bw /day, which is comparable to doses derived for Belgian and Dutch adults. BDE-47 and BDE-99 were identified as the congeners contributing most to estimated intakes, accounting for more than half of the total doses. The most influential food groups contributing to this intake are lean fish and salmon which together account for about 22-25% of the total doses.

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Section: Input Parameterssupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Comparison Of Regionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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PBDE exposure from food in Ireland: optimising data exploitation in probabilistic exposure modelling

Trudel

Tlustos

Goetz

et al. 2010

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…Knutsen et al (2005) combined concentrations from a market-basket survey with a comprehensive food consumption survey to estimate a mean daily adult exposure of 62.5 ng/day for Norweigans. Bakker et al (2006) also combined food consumption data with composite food data to find a median dietary intake of 0.79 ng/kg/day for the Netherlands, with a 95% of 1.62 ng/kg/day, dominated by dairy and fish at 39% and 28%, respectively. An estimate of 51 ng/day was derived for diet only for the Swedish general adult population (Darnerud et al, 2001).…”

Section: Exposure Intake Estimatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure of Americans to polybrominated diphenyl ethers

Lorber

2007

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

488

375

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs, are a class of brominated flame retardants that, like other persistent organic pollutants (POPs), have been found in humans, wildlife, and biota worldwide. Unlike other POPs, however, the key routes of human exposure are not thought to be food and fish, but rather are from their use in household consumer products, and to the high levels of PBDEs found in house dust. The exposure of Americans to PBDEs was systematically evaluated in this study. First, exposure media data on PBDE congeners were compiled. Then, an adult intake dose was derived using exposure factors in combination with these data. The exposure pathways evaluated included food and water ingestion, inhalation, and ingestion and dermal contact to house dust. These intakes were converted to a body burden using a simple pharmacokinetic (PK) model. The predicted body burdens were compared with representative profiles of PBDEs in blood and milk. The adult intake dose of total PBDEs was estimated to be 7.7 ng/kg body weight/day, and children's estimated intakes were higher at 49.3 ng/kg/day for ages 1-5, 14.4 ng/kg/day for 6-11, and 9.1 ng/kg/day for 12-19. The much higher dose for the child age 1-5 was due to the doubling of dust ingestion from 50 to 100 mg/day. The predicted adult body burden of total PBDEs was 33.8 ng/kg lipid weight (lwt), compared to representative measurements in blood and milk at 64.0 and 93.7 ng/g lwt, respectively Most of this apparent underprediction in total concentration was due to an underprediction of the key congener, BDE 47. The value for BDE 47 half-life in the body was identified as the variable most likely in error in this exercise. Other congener predictions compared well with measurements, suggesting general validity with the approach. An important finding from this assessment is that the food intake estimate of about 1.3 ng/kg/day (of the 7.7 ng/kg/day total) cannot explain current US body burdens; exposures to PBDEs in house dust accounted for 82% of the overall estimated intakes.

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“…For example in the study of Bakker et al (Bakker et al, 2008), where the dietary intake of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the Dutch population was being investigated, only food groups suspected of being affected by the contamination were included in the study. Such studies are better classified as TDS-like investigations.…”

Section: Deviations From a Typical Tds Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a harmonised Total Diet Study approach: a guidance document

2011

EFS2

105

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A Total Diet Study (TDS) can be a complementary approach to traditional monitoring and surveillance programs, which instead of focusing on compliance is designed to provide a solid basis for calculating population dietary exposure and assessing potential impact on public health. A TDS includes the selection of foods based on food consumption data to represent a large portion of a typical diet, their preparation to food as consumed and the subsequent pooling of related foods before analysis. There is already a wealth of international TDS data available, but to better enable comparisons it is important that methods are harmonised to the extent possible. The Working Group of experts provides a definition of the TDS approach highlighting its inherent value; it gives guidance for a harmonised methodology starting from the TDS planning to the collection of analytical results, exposure assessment calculation and communication of TDS results; and it proposes a general approach to facilitate the use of TDS information at international level. A TDS can be used for screening purposes or as a more refined exposure assessment tool. It provides background concentration and exposure levels of chemical substances in a range of representative foods prepared for consumption, while monitoring and surveillance programs can better capture highly contaminated individual food items. Their complementarities would allow the identification of the relative importance of individual sources of chemical substances from the whole diet. In conclusion, a TDS is considered to be a good complement to existing food monitoring or surveillance programs to estimate population dietary exposure to beneficial and harmful chemical substances across the entire diet. Harmonising the TDS methodology will enhance the value of these programs by improving the comparability at international level.© EFSA, FAO and WHO, 2011

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Dietary intake and risk evaluation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in The Netherlands

Cited by 95 publications

References 41 publications

PBDE exposure from food in Ireland: optimising data exploitation in probabilistic exposure modelling

PBDE exposure from food in Ireland: optimising data exploitation in probabilistic exposure modelling

Exposure of Americans to polybrominated diphenyl ethers

Towards a harmonised Total Diet Study approach: a guidance document

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