DietaryChlorella vulgarismicroalgae improves feed utilization, milk production and concentrations of conjugated linoleic acids in the milk of Damascus goats

Abstract

SUMMARYFifteen lactating Damascus goats (44 ± 0·8 kg body weight) were used in a completely randomized design to evaluate the supplementation of Chlorella vulgaris microalgae at 0 (Control), 5 (Alg05) and 10 g/goat/day (Alg10) for 12 weeks. Chlorella vulgaris treatments increased feed intake and apparent diet digestibility compared with a control diet. No differences were noted in the ruminal pH and ammonia-N concentrations, but increased concentration of total volatile fatty acids and propionic acid were observed in goats fed with Alg05 and Alg10. Diets of Alg05 and Alg10 increased serum glucose concentration but decreased glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate-pyruvate transaminase and cholesterol concentrations. Additionally, C. vulgaris supplementation moderately increased milk yield, energy corrected milk, total solids, solids not fat and lactose. Feeding Alg05 and Alg10 diets increased milk unsaturated fatty acids with concomitant increases in total conjugated linoleic acid concentrations. It is concluded that the daily inclusion of 5 or 10 g of C. vulgaris in the diets of Damascus goats increased milk yield and positively modified milk fatty acid profile.

Effects of Schizochytrium microalgae and sunflower oil as sources of unsaturated fatty acids for the sustainable mitigation of ruminal biogases methane and carbon dioxide

“…The in vitro results of micro-algae supplementation appear promising, in agreement with Kholif et al (2017), however, further in vivo studies are required to elucidate the optimum dose in ruminants in terms of effects on feed nutritive value and CH 4 production. Schizochytrium microalgae alone or with SO (i.e., SASO treatment) negatively affected GP with steer inoculum revealing negative effects on steers' nutrition; however, some doses increased GP with goat inoculum.…”

Variability of in vitro ruminal fermentation and nutritional value of cell‐disrupted and nondisrupted microalgae for ruminants

“…Typically, the proportion of acetate in rumen fluid varies between 55% and 70% of total VFA, that of propionate between 20% and 25%, and that of butyrate between 10% and 20% (Fuller, ), while the proportions of branched‐chain fatty acids and valerate are usually <5%. The proportions of acetate propionate and butyrate did not observably shift from this usual pattern in the present study or when several microalgae were supplemented in the diets for cows (Moate et al., ), steers (Costa et al., ; Drewery, Sawyer, Pinchak, & Wickersham, ), or goats (Kholif et al., 2017b; Lv, Mao, & Zhu, ; Zhu, Fievez, Mao, He, & Zhu, ) or in vitro (Lodge‐Ivey et al., ). It is interesting that the proportions of branched‐chain fatty acids and valerate were particularly high in some cases.…”

Chlorella vulgaris Microalgae and Copper Mixture Supplementation Enhanced the Nutrient Digestibility and Milk Attributes in Lactating Boer Goats

“…Additionally, C. vulgaris microalgae contains a detoxicant with an ability to inhibit oxidation which known as Chlorella Growth Factor (CGF) (Han et al, 2002;Kholif et al, 2017b). Supplementing diets of lactating goats with C. vulgaris enhanced nutrient utilisation, milk yield and composition in lactating goats (Kholif et al, 2017d). Moreover, Lamminen et al (2019) substituted soybean meal with C. vulgaris in the diet of lactating Finnish Ayrshire cows and observed a positive effect on milk fat concentration.…”

“…The use of microalgae as a feeds or feed supplement for ruminants gained increasing interests (Marrez et al, 2017;Gomaa et al, 2018;Kholif et al, 2020). Supplementing diets of animals with microalgae, at small amounts, showed positive effects on animal physiology, health status and productivity (Póti et al, 2015;Kholif et al, 2017dKholif et al, , 2020. Chlorella vulgaris microalgae supplementation to dairy animals enhanced daily milk production and altered milk nutritive value by reducing saturated fatty acid (SFA) and increasing unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) concentrations (Kholif et al, 2017d), due to its content of crude protein (CP), amino acids, UFA, minerals and vitamins (Kholif et al, 2017b).…”

“…Supplementing diets of animals with microalgae, at small amounts, showed positive effects on animal physiology, health status and productivity (Póti et al, 2015;Kholif et al, 2017dKholif et al, , 2020. Chlorella vulgaris microalgae supplementation to dairy animals enhanced daily milk production and altered milk nutritive value by reducing saturated fatty acid (SFA) and increasing unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) concentrations (Kholif et al, 2017d), due to its content of crude protein (CP), amino acids, UFA, minerals and vitamins (Kholif et al, 2017b). Additionally, C. vulgaris microalgae contains a detoxicant with an ability to inhibit oxidation which known as Chlorella Growth Factor (CGF) (Han et al, 2002;Kholif et al, 2017b).…”