Dietary glycemic index, dietary glycemic load and mortality among men with established cardiovascular disease

Levitan, Emily B.; Mittleman, Murray A.; Wolk, Alicja

doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602970

Cited by 17 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(44 reference statements)

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“…Several prospective studies assessing the relationship between dietary GI or GL and cardiovascular disease risk were identified ( Table 9 ). Those reporting on cardiovascular disease mortality [ 77 , 78 ] or on incident cardiovascular diseases (all combined) [ 79 , 80 ], coronary heart disease [ 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 ], stroke [ 80 , 82 , 85 ], myocardial infarction [ 80 , 86 ], or heart failure [ 87 ] were included herein. Most studies provided risk estimates that were adjusted for dietary factors, age, body mass index, and other potentially confounding factors.…”

Section: Glycemic Index/glycemic Load and Cardiometabolic Disease mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relationship between dietary GI or GL with incident cardiovascular diseases (all combined) was assessed in a 6-year follow-up of Swedish men 45–79 years of age [ 80 ] and in a subsequent analysis of 4167 participants from the same study with established cardiovascular disease [ 79 ]. Both analyses resulted in no significant associations.…”

Section: Glycemic Index/glycemic Load and Cardiometabolic Disease mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relevance of the Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load for Body Weight, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease

2018

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Despite initial enthusiasm, the relationship between glycemic index (GI) and glycemic response (GR) and disease prevention remains unclear. This review examines evidence from randomized, controlled trials and observational studies in humans for short-term (e.g., satiety) and long-term (e.g., weight, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes) health effects associated with different types of GI diets. A systematic PubMed search was conducted of studies published between 2006 and 2018 with key words glycemic index, glycemic load, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, body weight, satiety, and obesity. Criteria for inclusion for observational studies and randomized intervention studies were set. The search yielded 445 articles, of which 73 met inclusion criteria. Results suggest an equivocal relationship between GI/GR and disease outcome. The strongest intervention studies typically find little relationship among GI/GR and physiological measures of disease risk. Even for observational studies, the relationship between GI/GR and disease outcomes is limited. Thus, it is unlikely that the GI of a food or diet is linked to disease risk or health outcomes. Other measures of dietary quality, such as fiber or whole grains may be more likely to predict health outcomes. Interest in food patterns as predictors of health benefits may be more fruitful for research to inform dietary guidance.

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Section: Glycemic Index/glycemic Load and Cardiometabolic Disease mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Glycemic Index/glycemic Load and Cardiometabolic Disease mentioning

confidence: 99%

Relevance of the Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load for Body Weight, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease

2018

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“…Because the associations of dietary GI and GL with cardiovascular disease were stronger in overweight then normal weight women in some studies (3, 23) possibly because of a greater prevalence of insulin resistance among overweight women, we tested for variation by body mass index (BMI) and by physical activity, another determinant of insulin sensitivity. We also examined the possibility of interaction of dietary GI and GL with fiber consumption, because dietary GL was associated with survival among men with established cardiovascular disease only in the context of low fiber intake (28). …”

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confidence: 99%

Dietary glycaemic index, dietary glycaemic load and incidence of myocardial infarction in women

2009

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The association of dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) with CVD has been examined in several populations with varying results. We tested the hypothesis that women with diets high in GI or GL would have higher rates of myocardial infarction (MI), and the associations would be stronger in overweight women. We measured dietary GI and GL in 36 234 Swedish Mammography Cohort participants aged 48 -83 years using FFQ. Cox models were used to calculate incidence rate ratios (RR) and 95 % CI for hospitalisation or death due to MI assessed using the Swedish inpatient and cause-of-death registers from 1 January 1998 until 31 December 2006. Over 9 years of follow-up, 1138 women were hospitalised or died due to a first MI. In multivariable-adjusted models, the RR comparing top to bottom quartile of dietary GI were 1·12 (95 % CI 0·92, 1·35, P-trend¼0·24), and the RR comparing top to bottom quartile of dietary GL were 1·22 (95 % CI 0·90, 1·65, P-trend¼ 0·23). Among overweight women, the RR comparing top to bottom quartile of dietary GI were 1·20 (95 % CI 0·91, 1·58, P-trend¼ 0·22), and the RR comparing top to bottom quartile of dietary GL were 1·45 (95 % CI 0·93, 2·25, P-trend¼ 0·16). There were no statistically significant associations of dietary GI or GL with MI in this population. Glycaemic index: Glycaemic load: Myocardial infarctionGlycaemic index (GI), the relative increase in blood glucose due to carbohydrate in a test food compared with a reference food, was initially developed as a meal planning tool for people with diabetes mellitus (1) . More recently, there have been experimental and observational studies examining whether the carbohydrate quality influences the risk of CVD.Randomised diet trials have demonstrated that diets with reduced GI or glycaemic load (GL), the product of GI and carbohydrate content of a food (2,3) , influence total cholesterol (4 -6) , LDL cholesterol (4,6,7) , HDL cholesterol (8 -10) , TAG concentration (11,12) , plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (12) , insulin resistance (4,11) and inflammation (11,13,14) in ways that would be expected to reduce cardiovascular risk. A meta-analysis of trials showed that low-GI and -GL diets reduced BMI, total body mass and fat mass more than control diets (15) , and a low-GL diet was better than a control diet for maintenance of weight loss (16) , possibly because low-GI and -GL meals result in higher satiety and lower food intake (17,18) . In addition, low-GI or -GL diets improve glucose control in people with diabetes mellitus in randomised trials (9,19) and are associated with lower risk of developing diabetes mellitus in observational studies (20 -22) .There have been several previous studies examining the association of dietary GI, the average GI of carbohydrates consumed, and dietary GL, the product of dietary GI and total carbohydrate, with CHD (3,23 -26) . A meta-analysis that pooled data from prospective studies of men and women reported a statistically significant association (27) . However, dietary GI and GL were associated ...

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“…We previously reported that dietary GL was associated with higher mortality in men with existing cardiovascular disease only in the setting of relatively low fiber intake [44]. However, in this population, the association of dietary GI and GL with HF was stronger in women with higher fiber intake, though the difference did not reach statistical significance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…Because previous studies have observed stronger association of dietary GI and GL with cardiovascular disease in overweight participants [12, 13, 31, 32], we tested whether the associations varied by body mass index. In a previous study in a Swedish population, we found that dietary GL was associated increased mortality in men with established cardiovascular disease only in the setting of relatively low fiber consumption [33]. We therefore examined whether the associations of dietary GI and GL with HF varied by fiber intake.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Dietary Glycemic Index, Dietary Glycemic Load, and Incidence of Heart Failure Events: A Prospective Study of Middle-Aged and Elderly Women

Levitan

Mittleman

Wolk

2010

Journal of the American College of Nutrition

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Objective Dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL), measures of the propensity of dietary carbohydrate to increase blood glucose, have been associated with risk of coronary heart disease, but their association with incidence of heart failure (HF) is unknown. We therefore assessed whether dietary GI and GL were associated with rates of HF events. Methods We conducted a prospective, observational study of 36,019 women 48-83 years old without baseline HF, diabetes, or myocardial infarction who were participants in the Swedish Mammography Cohort, a prospective cohort study. Diet was measured using food-frequency questionnaires. Women were followed from January 1, 1998 through December 31, 2006 for HF hospitalization or death through the Swedish inpatient and cause-of-death registers. Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age and other risk factors were used to estimate incidence rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Over 9 years of follow-up, 639 of 36,019 women died of HF (n = 54) or were hospitalized for HF for the first time (n = 585). We did not find statistically significant associations between dietary GI and HF events (RR comparing highest to lowest quartile = 1.12, 95% CI 0.87-1.45, p for trend = 0.31) or between dietary GL and HF events (RR comparing highest to lowest quartile = 1.30, 95% CI 0.87-1.93, p for trend = 0.16). Results were not significantly different in normal weight and overweight women. Conclusions In this population, dietary GI did not appear to be associated with incident HF events. There was a suggestion of an association between dietary GL and HF which did not reach statistical significance.

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Dietary glycemic index, dietary glycemic load and mortality among men with established cardiovascular disease

Cited by 17 publications

References 32 publications

Relevance of the Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load for Body Weight, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease

Relevance of the Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load for Body Weight, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease

Dietary glycaemic index, dietary glycaemic load and incidence of myocardial infarction in women

Dietary Glycemic Index, Dietary Glycemic Load, and Incidence of Heart Failure Events: A Prospective Study of Middle-Aged and Elderly Women

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