Dietary fluoride intake of 6-month and 2-year-old children in four dietary regions of the United States

Ophaug, R. H.; Singer, Leon; Harland, Barbara F.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/42.4.701

Cited by 61 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In addition, these children ingested 0.021 mg F/kg body weight per day from fluoride toothpaste, if they brushed their teeth thrice a day. Thus, the fluoride intake from diet and tooth paste ingestion could reach the optimum value of 0.05-0.07 mg F/kg body weight per day recommended by Ophaug et al 21 and suggested to be the upper limit of daily fluoride intake by Burt. 22 This further underscores the need for comprehensive studies of fluoride exposure in a community before recommending the use of fluoride supplement or determining the appropriate fluoride level in drinking water for a community.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Fluoride Levels in Drinking Water in the Central Province of Saudi Arabia

et al. 2003

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Background: This study was designed to assess the fluoride levels in drinking water in the Central Province of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A total of 817 water samples were collected from 260 locations in Central Saudi Arabia. An atomic absorption spectrophotometer [HACH instrument, model DR 3000] was used in the analyses of water samples for fluoride levels. Results:The results showed that fluoride levels vary between 0.00 and 6.20 ppm. About 75% and 6% of the population in Riyadh and Qassim regions, respectively, were exposed to very low fluoride levels (0.00-0.30 ppm), while less than 3% of the population in both regions were exposed to fluoride levels ranging from 0.61 to 0.80 ppm. A higher percentage of the population in Qassim than Riyadh region were exposed to high fluoride levels (>0.81 ppm); 28.63% than in Riyadh with 9.24%. Conclusions: The findings of this study can serve as a baseline data for water fluoridation and other dental preventive programs in the area.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Fluoride Levels in Drinking Water in the Central Province of Saudi Arabia

et al. 2003

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“…This is also a critical time for ensuring that the optimal levels of ingested fluoride are not exceeded. Several previous studies have determined the fluoride content of children foods, such as milk 1,3,14,15,26,30 , dinners and desserts 6,12,21,22,25,31 and beverages 1,13,16 . However, these studies have been limited mainly to products manufactured in North America.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluorine content of several brands of chocolate bars and chocolate cookies found in Brazil

Buzalaf

Granjeiro

Cardoso

et al. 2003

Pesqui. Odontol. Bras.

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Chocolate bars and chocolate cookies are foodstuffs highly appreciated by children. The possibility of having fluorine (F) among their components, associated with an excessive consumption, may make them decisive contributors to the total daily F intake. Thus, they could participate in the establishment of dental fluorosis. The aim of this study was to analyze the fluorine concentration [F] of the chocolates bars (CB) Baton, Confeti, Garoto Ball, Kinder Ovo, M&M's, Milkybar, Nescau, Nescau Ball, Surpresa, Surpresa Bichos, Tortuguita; and of the chocolate cookies (CC) Danyt's, Hipopó, Nescau, Passatempo, Pokémon, Sítio do Pica-Pau Amarelo and Trakinas. Samples were purchased in Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil. Three grams of each product were previously ashed at 525°C (CB and cookies fillings) and at 550°C (cookies dough), during 4 hours. Fluorine was separated from the ash by hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDS)-facilitated diffusion. Fluorine analysis was carried out with the specific electrode. Mean [F]s ± SD and amplitude (unit mg/g) were: CB = 0.30 ± 0.45 (0.07 -1.60, n = 12) and CC = 1.08 ± 2.64 (0.04 -7.10, n = 7). It was concluded that some of the analyzed foods may be important contributors to the total daily F intake. As for the product that had the highest [F] (Danyt's), when only 3 units are consumed just once a day, they may supply up to 40% of the maximum recommended daily F intake (0.07 mg/kg body weight) for a 2-year-old child (12 kg). The [F] in these products should be informed on their labels. DESCRIPTORS: Chocolate; Fluorine; Fluorosis, dental; Child. RESUMO:Chocolates em barra e bolachas de chocolate são guloseimas altamente apreciadas pelas crianças. A possibilidade de conter flúor (F) em seus componentes, associada a seu excessivo consumo podem torná-los contribuintes decisivos para a ingestão diária total de F. Assim, eles poderiam participar no estabelecimento da fluorose dental. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a concentração de flúor [F] dos chocolates em barra (CB) Baton, Confeti, Garoto Ball, Kinder Ovo, M&M's, Milkybar, Nescau, Nescau Ball, Surpresa, Surpresa Bichos, Tortuguita; e das bolachas de chocolate (CC) Danyt's, Hipopó, Nescau, Passatempo, Pokémon, Sítio do Pica-Pau Amarelo e Trakinas. Os produtos foram adquiridos em Bauru, São Paulo, Brasil. Três gramas de cada produto foram previamente calcinadas a uma temperatura de 525°C (CB e recheio das bolachas), e de 550°C (massas das bolachas), durante 4 horas. O F foi separado das cinzas por difusão facilitada por hexametildisiloxano (HMDS). As análises de F foram feitas com o eletrodo específico. As [F]s médias ± DP e amplitude (mg/g) foram: CB = 0,30 ± 0,45 (0,07 -1,60, n = 12) e CC = 1,08 ± 2,64 (0,04 -7,10, n = 7). Concluiu-se que alguns dos alimentos analisados podem ser importantes contribuintes para a ingestão diária total de F. No caso do produto que apresentou a maior [F] (Danyt's), quando apenas 3 unidades são consumidas uma única vez ao dia, elas podem fornecer mais de 40% da ingestão diária máxima de F recomendada (0,07 m...

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“…It is also generally agreed that to avoid an undesirable degree of dental and skeletal fluorosis (American Academy ofPediatrics,1986) the total daily fluoride intake should not exceed 0.1 mg F/kg of body weight. Research into the total fluoride intake of infants and young children indicates that the suggested optimal levels of intake can be exceeded when there are multiple sources of fluoride (Wiatrowski it al., 1975;Adair and Wei,1978;Ophaug et al, 1985;Hattab and Wei,1988). It is therefore very important to assess the total fluoride intake of various age groups of children so that the daily fluoride intake from all sources (dietary and non-dietary) does not exceed the recommended optimal amount.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reports on the fluoride intake of infants and young children have been based either on the analysis of commonly consumed individual food items, with or without drinking water included (Wiatrowski et al, 1975;Adair and Wei,1978;Hattab and Wei,1988), composite food items , market-basket collections (Ophaug et al, 1985;Pickston et al, 1985), hospital diets (Kramer et al, 1974), portions of cooked or uncooked foods (Nanda et al, 1974), or on "phantom meals" calculated from standard tables (McClure, 1949). Estimates of the quantity of each food consumed have also varied.…”

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confidence: 99%