Dietary fish oil supplements depress milk fat yield and alter milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows fed grass silage-based diets

Kairenius, Piia; Ärölä, Anu; Leskinen, Heidi; Toivonen, Vesa; Ahvenjärvi, Seppo; Vanhatalo, Aila; Huhtanen, Pekka; Hurme, Timo; Griinari, J. M.; Shingfield, Kevin J.

doi:10.3168/jds.2015-9548

Cited by 59 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…This contributes to its actual involvement in FO-induced MFD remaining uncertain and supports that other less well-known inhibitor FA might play a relevant role in the low-milk fat syndrome. In this regard, our results agree with recent reports that suggest a potential influence of cis-9 16:1, cis-11 18:1, and oxo-FA (Kairenius et al, 2015;Toral et al, 2015aToral et al, , 2016b Kadegowda et al, 2009;Hussein et al, 2013) and suggests that FO-induced MFD in dairy ewes would be mediated by downregulation of lipogenic genes. This mechanism, previously observed in other dairy ruminants (Shingfield et al, 2010;Bauman et al, 2011;Bionaz et al, 2015), would have tended to affect most studied metabolic pathways, including FA activation (ACSS2), de novo synthesis (ACACA and FASN), uptake and transport (LPL and FABP3), desaturation (SCD1) and esterification (AGAPT6).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Fish oil-induced milk fat depression and associated downregulation of mammary lipogenic genes in dairy ewes

Carreño

Hervás

Toral

et al. 2016

Journal of Dairy Science

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A number of studies in dairy cows have shown a relationship between milk fat depression (MFD) and alterations caused in lipogenic gene expression by dietary nutrients.However, information in small ruminants is not only scarce but also inconsistent. Therefore, this experiment was conducted in dairy ewes to study the effect of a diet known to induce MFD on milk fatty acid (FA) composition and mRNA abundance of key candidate genes involved in mammary lipogenesis. Twelve lactating Assaf ewes (63 days in milk; SD = 7.8) were randomly assigned to 2 treatments consisting of a total mixed ration based on alfalfa hay and concentrates (50:50), supplemented with 0 (control) or 17 g of fish oil/kg of diet DM (FO). Profiles of milk FA and mRNA abundance of candidate genes in biopsied mammary tissue were examined before starting the treatments and after 1 and 4.5 weeks on the diets. As expected, FO induced MFD and modified milk FA composition. Compared with the control, 3 reductions in milk fat concentration and yield were not detected on day 7, but reached up to 25 and 22%, respectively, on day 30. However, increases in confirmed or putative antilipogenic FA (trans-10 cis-12 and trans-9 cis-11 18:2, cis-9 16:1, cis-11 18:1 and oxo-FA) were already established on the early stage of the treatment and lasted until the end of the feeding period. These changes were accompanied by decreases in the mRNA abundance of genes encoding lipogenic enzymes. The coordinated nature of the downregulation, which tended to affect most studied metabolic pathways, including FA activation (ACSS2), de novo synthesis (ACACA and FASN), uptake and transport (LPL and FABP3), desaturation (SCD1) and esterification (AGAPT6), supports the involvement of a central regulator of milk fat synthesis. In this regard, without ruling out the potential contribution of PPARG, our results suggest that SREBF1 would have a relevant role in the MFD syndrome in sheep fed FO.Among the other studied transcription factors, the tendency to a downregulation of INSIG1 was associated with that of SREBF1, whereas no variation was detected for SCAP or THRSP.Fish oil had no significant effects on the transcript abundance of CD36, GPAM, DGAT1, LPIN1 and XDH. Overall, changes in potential antilipogenic FA and mRNA abundance of candidate lipogenic genes support a relationship between them and suggest that FO-induced MFD in dairy ewes would be mediated by transcriptional mechanisms.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Fish oil-induced milk fat depression and associated downregulation of mammary lipogenic genes in dairy ewes

Carreño

Hervás

Toral

et al. 2016

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…For both species, the FO treatment resulted in the appearance of numerous 20-and 22-carbon FA not contained in the FO supplement, such as trans-9,trans-15 20:2, Δ10,14,17 20:3, trans-10,trans-14,cis-17 20:3, trans-9,trans-14,trans-17 20:3, Δ10,13,17 22:3, Δ10,14,19 22:3, and Δ10,13,16,19 22:4. These findings confirm earlier reports in lactating cows that long chain FA intermediates formed during BH of specific FA in fish oil are incorporated into milk fat triacylglycerols (Kairenius et al, 2015). However, the relative abundance of trans-20 and 22-carbon BH intermediates in milk from cows and goats differed that probably reflects differences in the amount and composition of fish oil fed in the current and a previous investigation (Kairenius et al, 2015). Based on previous studies (Offer et al, 1999;Gama et al, 2008;Toral et al, 2014), it was anticipated that the FO treatment would result in distinct differences in milk fat synthesis in cows and goats.…”

Section: Response To Fo Supplementssupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Earlier reports have also identified a negative relation between these parameters in cows fed supplements of fish oil alone (Gama et al, 2008;Kairenius et al, 2015) or as a mixture with sunflower oil , and in goats fed supplements of extruded linseed and fish oil (Bernard et al, 2015). Incubations with cis-11 18:1 were shown to decrease lipogenesis in bovine adipocytes (Burns et al, 2012), whereas postruminal infusion of a mixture of 18:1 isomers containing cis-11 18:1 had no effect on milk fat synthesis in cows .…”

Section: Response To Fo Supplementsmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…A shortage of 18:0 for cis-9 18:1 synthesis in the mammary gland, together with higher availability of trans FA (with melting points above body temperature) that may lead to an overall increase in milk fat melting point, has been proposed as a mechanism to explain fish oil-induced MFD in lactating cows (Loor et al, 2005a;Shingfield and Griinari, 2007;Gama et al, 2008;Harvatine et al, 2009). Previous investigations in cows have reported that fish oil may increase (Gama et al, 2008) or have no influence (Kairenius et al, 2015) on calculated mean melting point of FA in cows. No effects of fish oil on mean milk fat melting point have been reported in goats .…”

Section: Response To Fo Supplementsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Preparation of DMOX derivatives, parameters and conditions used for GC-MS analysis, and interpretation of mass spectra were in accordance with earlier reports (Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau et al, 2011). Identification was further verified based on retention time and elution order comparisons with samples of milk fat from cows fed fish oil analyzed by complementary silver-ion thin-layer chromatography and GC-MS analysis of fractionated FAME and corresponding DMOX derivatives (Kairenius et al, 2015). The distribution of CLA isomers in milk samples was determined using a HPLC system (model 1090; Hewlett-Packard) equipped with 4 silverimpregnated silica columns (ChromSpher 5 lipids, 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm particle size; Agilent Technologies Inc.) coupled in series.…”

Section: Chemical Analysismentioning

confidence: 97%

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Comparison of the nutritional regulation of milk fat secretion and composition in cows and goats

Toral

Chilliard

Rouel

et al. 2015

Journal of Dairy Science

Self Cite

115

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A study with 2 ruminant species (goats and cows) with inherent differences in lipid metabolism was performed to test the hypothesis that milk fat depression (MFD) due to marine lipid supplements or diets containing high amounts of starch and plant oil is caused by different mechanisms and that each ruminant species responds differently. Cows and goats were allocated to 1 of 3 groups (4 cows and 5 goats per group) and fed diets containing no additional oil (control) or supplemented with fish oil (FO) or sunflower oil and wheat starch (SOS) according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design with 26-d experimental periods. In cows, milk fat content was lowered by FO and SOS (-31%), whereas only FO decreased milk fat content in goats (-21%) compared with the control. Furthermore, FO and SOS decreased milk fat yield in cows, but not in goats. In both species, FO and SOS decreased the secretion of C16 FA output. However, SOS increased milk secretion of >C16 FA in goats. Compared with the control, SOS resulted in similar increases in milk trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in both species, but caused a 2-fold larger increase in trans-10 18:1 concentration in cows than for goats. Relative to the control, responses to FO in both species were characterized by a marked decrease in milk concentration of 18:0 (-74%) and cis-9 18:1 (-62%), together with a ~5-fold increase in total trans 18:1, but the proportionate changes in trans-10 18:1 were lower for goats. Direct comparison of animal performance and milk FA responses to FO and SOS treatments demonstrated interspecies differences in mammary lipogenesis, suggesting a lower sensitivity to the inhibitory effects of trans-10,cis-12 CLA in goats and that ruminal biohydrogenation pathways are more stable and less prone to diet-induced shifts toward the formation of trans-10-containing intermediates in goats compared with cows. Even though a direct cause and effect could not be established, results suggest that regulation of milk fat synthesis during FO-induced MFD may be related to a shortage of 18:0 for endogenous mammary cis-9 18:1 synthesis, increase in the incorporation of trans FA in milk triacylglycerols, and limitations in the synthesis of FA de novo to maintain milk fat melting point. However, the possible contribution of biohydrogenation intermediates with putative antilipogenic effects in the mammary gland, including trans-9,cis-11 CLA, trans-10 18:1, or cis-11 18:1 to FO-induced MFD cannot be excluded.

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Manipulation of milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows: Opportunities and challenges

Kliem

Shingfield

2016

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

106

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Public health policies recommend a population wide decrease in the consumption of saturated fatty acids (SFA) to lower the incidence of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. In most developed countries, milk and dairy products are the major source of SFA in the human diet. Altering milk fat composition offers the opportunity to lower the consumption of SFA without requiring a change in eating habits. Supplementing the diet of lactating cows with oilseeds, plant oils and marine lipids can be used to replace the SFA in milk fat with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and to a lesser extent, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Due to ruminal metabolism, the decreases in milk SFA are also accompanied by increases in trans fatty acids (TFA), including conjugated isomers. The potential to lower SFA, enrich cis MUFA and PUFA, and alter the abundance and distribution of individual TFA in milk differs according to oil source, form of lipid supplement and degree of oilseed processing, and the influence of other components in the diet. The present review summarises recent evidence on changes in milk fat composition that can be achieved using dietary lipid supplements and highlights the challenges to commercial production of modified milk and dairy products. A meta‐analysis on the effects of oilseeds on milk fatty acid composition is also presented. Practical applications: Milk and dairy products are the major source of SFA in the diet in most developed countries. Including oilseeds, plant oils, and to a lesser extent, marine lipids in the diet of lactating cows can replace SFA with MUFA and PUFA in milk offering a mechanism to lower SFA consumption in human populations. Understanding the sources of variation in milk fat composition responses, and adjusting other ingredients in the diet to accommodate lipid supplements offers the opportunity to consistently produce milk with an altered fatty acid composition. However, commercialisation of dedicated supply chains will depend on whether the added costs of production and segregation of modified milk for processing can be recovered at retail. Dairy products are the major source of saturated fatty acids in diets of developed countries. There are various dietary strategies that can be employed at the dairy cow level to alter milk fat fatty acid composition, but it is important to understand variations in cow response to these interventions to consistently produce milk with altered fatty acid composition.

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Dietary fish oil supplements depress milk fat yield and alter milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows fed grass silage-based diets

Cited by 59 publications

References 46 publications

Fish oil-induced milk fat depression and associated downregulation of mammary lipogenic genes in dairy ewes

Fish oil-induced milk fat depression and associated downregulation of mammary lipogenic genes in dairy ewes

Comparison of the nutritional regulation of milk fat secretion and composition in cows and goats

Manipulation of milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows: Opportunities and challenges

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