Dietary fatty acids ? The n-6/n-3 balance and chronic elderly diseases. Excess linoleic acid and relative n-3 deficiency syndrome seen in Japan

Okuyama, Harumi; Kobayashi, Tetsuyuki; Watanabe, Shiro

doi:10.1016/s0163-7827(96)00012-4

Cited by 268 publications

(212 citation statements)

References 303 publications

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“…27,47,48 In postmenopausal women in cohort studies, decreased risk was associated with higher compositions of n-6 PUFAs and 18:2n-6, but not AA. 26,48 The AA cascade is suggested to play critical roles in tumor development from laboratory studies, [1][2][3]6 but an inverse association with breast cancer risk was unexpectedly here found for erythrocyte composition of AA. On the other hand, erythrocyte ratios of AA/EPA and AA/ DHA had positive links with risk and the findings support the hypothesis regarding competitive inhibition for biosynthesis of AAderived eicosanoids such as prostaglandin E 2 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…Especially, ecological studies have suggested that higher intake of fish rich in n-3 HUFAs is correlated with a lower cancer incidence in several sites. 4,5 Regarding suppression of carcinogenesis, n-3 HUFAs have been proposed to play critical roles in: (i) inhibition for biosynthesis of eicosanoids (e.g., prostaglandin E 2 ) via the arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) cascade 1,6 ; (ii) modulation of gene expression or the activities of signal transduction molecules involved in the control of cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and metastasis [7][8][9] ; (iii) estrogen metabolism 1 ; (iv) production of free radicals and reactive oxygen species; 7,8,10,11 (v) modulation of insulin sensitivity 1,12 and (vi) membrane fluidity. 1 For the AA cascade, such potential activities of EPA and DHA are estimated to be approximately 5 times higher than that of 18:3n-3.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 For the AA cascade, such potential activities of EPA and DHA are estimated to be approximately 5 times higher than that of 18:3n-3. 6 EPA-derived eicosanoids also decrease the formation of AA-derived eicosanoids, which is linked to inflammation, tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, cell proliferation and apoptosis induction. 13 Anti-tumor effects have been suggested since EPA and DHA play key roles in inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis, respectively.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Breast cancer risk and erythrocyte compositions of n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids in Japanese

Kuriki

Hirose

Wakai

et al. 2007

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Dietary intake of fish rich in n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has been proposed to decrease cancer risk. In contrast to results from laboratory studies, however, protective effects for breast cancer have proved equivocal in epidemiological studies. In the present case-control study, we examined associations between breast cancer risk and fatty acid compositions in erythrocyte membranes as biomarkers for those intakes. Dietary information and blood samples were collected from 103 incident breast cancer cases and 309 non-cancer controls (matched by age and season) and erythrocyte fatty acids were measured using accelerated solvent extraction and gas-liquid chromatography. Dietary intake of n-3 HUFAs demonstrated a negative association with risk (the highest to the lowest tertile, odds ratio (OR), 0.51; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.27-0.98; p trend < 0.05), but there was no association with those of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and meat. Moreover, risk was inversely associated with erythrocyte compositions of EPA (OR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.14-0.53; p trend < 0.0001), DHA (OR, 0.06; 95% CI, 0.02-0.16; p trend < 0.0001) and n-3 HUFAs (OR, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.05-0.24; p trend < 0.0001), and positively with that of SFAs (OR, 12.29; 95% CI,; p trend < 0.0001) and the ratio of SFAs/n-3 HUFAs (OR, 14.65; 95% CI,; p trend < 0.0001). In conclusion, we showed that erythrocyte compositions of specific fatty acids derived from fish intake, as biomarkers, are associated with lower risk of breast cancer, but further studies are needed to investigate mechanisms linked to the etiology. ' 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Breast cancer risk and erythrocyte compositions of n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids in Japanese

Kuriki

Hirose

Wakai

et al. 2007

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…It goes on to say:`We suggest that a relative n-3 de®ciency as evidenced by the very high n-6an-3 ratios of plasma lipids might be affecting the behavioral patterns of a signi®cant part of the young generations in industrialized countries.' (Okuyama et al, 1997). In the opposing camp, the FDA, after an extensive review of this subject as part of its effort to de®ne health claims for food labeling purposes, concluded that most of the documented bene®ts were attributable to the consumption of ®sh as a food and not of marine oil supplementation (FDAaHHS USA, 1991).…”

Section: Prevention Of Chronic Disease In Relation To Efas Supplymentioning

confidence: 99%

Essential fatty acids as determinants of lipid requirements in infants, children and adults

1999

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“…The current ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA in European people diets is 10-20:1 instead of recommended 1-4:1 (Simopoulos, 1999). Okuyama et al (1997) proposed the ratio 2:1 or below.…”

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confidence: 99%

The effect of dietary linseed oils with different fatty acid pattern on the content of fatty acids in chicken meat

Zelenka¹,

Schneiderova²,

Mrkvicová³

et al. 2008

Vet. Med. - Czech

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Effects of 1, 3, 5 or 7% of linseed oil in the diet on the content of fatty acids in breast and thigh meat were studied in broiler chickens. Oils made either of seeds of the linseed cultivar Atalante (A) with a high content of α-linolenic acid or of the cultivar Lola (L) with a predominating content of linoleic acid were fed from 25 to 40 days of age. When feeding A, the contents of all n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), including eicosatrienoic acid, were significantly higher, those of n-6 PUFA were lower, and the ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA was narrower (P < 0.001) than when L was fed. The narrowest n-6 to n-3 PUFA ratio was observed at the content 36 g of α-linolenic acid (58 g A) per kg of the diet while the widest one at 2 g of α-linolenic acid (70 g L) per kg of the diet. When using L, the increasing level of linoleic acid in feed was associated with significantly increasing levels of all n-6 PUFA in meat. The content of all n-3 PUFA increased after the application of oil A, but the dependence for eicosapentaenoic acid in thigh meat was expressed significantly more precisely by the second degree parabola with the maximum at the level of 37 mg of α-linolenic acid and for clupanodonic and docosahexaenoic acids by parabolas with maxima at the level of α-linolenic acid in the diet 41 g and 30 g for breast meat and 35 g and 27 g for thigh meat, respectively. By means of the inclusion of linseed oil with a high content of α-linolenic acid in the feed mixture it would be possible to produce poultry meat with a high content of n-3 PUFA as a functional food.

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Dietary fatty acids ? The n-6/n-3 balance and chronic elderly diseases. Excess linoleic acid and relative n-3 deficiency syndrome seen in Japan

Cited by 268 publications

References 303 publications

Breast cancer risk and erythrocyte compositions of n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids in Japanese

Breast cancer risk and erythrocyte compositions of n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids in Japanese

Essential fatty acids as determinants of lipid requirements in infants, children and adults

The effect of dietary linseed oils with different fatty acid pattern on the content of fatty acids in chicken meat

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