Abstract:Dietary fat intake, particularly the type of fat, is reflected in the red blood cell (RBC) fatty acid (FA) profile and is vital in growth, development and health maintenance. The FA profile (%wt/wt) of RBC membrane phospholipids (as determined by gas chromatography) and dietary intake (as determined by 24h recall) was assessed in 2-6y old South African children and their caregivers randomly selected from three communities, i.e. an urban Northern Cape community (urban-NC; n=104), an urban coastal Western Cape c… Show more
“…Generally, the quantitative accuracy of DR or 24-h recall is thought to be superior to that of the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Most of the other studies using DR or 24-h recall with smaller numbers of participants also reported that ARA intakes were around 100 mg/day or more, although there are some exceptions (Table 4) [28,[42][43][44][45][46][47][48]. These studies suggest that ARA intake, at least in advanced countries, is 100-250 mg/day for normal healthy adults.…”
Section: Dietary Intake Of Aramentioning
confidence: 96%
“…Although a similar situation may be infrequent in advanced countries, it may occur in developing countries. ARA intake was reported to be 33-34 [41] or 39 mg/day [47] in rural areas of South Africa, which is approximately one-third of that in respective urban areas. In any case, it is expected that additional high-quality nutritional data of dietary ARA intake in various countries and groups will accumulate.…”
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) have important roles in physiological homeostasis. Numerous studies have provided extensive information about the roles of n-3 LCPUFA, such as docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. Arachidonic acid (ARA) is one of the major n-6 LCPUFAs and its biological aspects have been well studied. However, nutritional information for ARA is limited, especially in adult humans. This review presents a framework of dietary ARA intake and the effects of ARA supplementation on LCPUFA metabolism in adult humans, and the nutritional significance of ARA and LCPUFA is discussed.
“…Generally, the quantitative accuracy of DR or 24-h recall is thought to be superior to that of the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Most of the other studies using DR or 24-h recall with smaller numbers of participants also reported that ARA intakes were around 100 mg/day or more, although there are some exceptions (Table 4) [28,[42][43][44][45][46][47][48]. These studies suggest that ARA intake, at least in advanced countries, is 100-250 mg/day for normal healthy adults.…”
Section: Dietary Intake Of Aramentioning
confidence: 96%
“…Although a similar situation may be infrequent in advanced countries, it may occur in developing countries. ARA intake was reported to be 33-34 [41] or 39 mg/day [47] in rural areas of South Africa, which is approximately one-third of that in respective urban areas. In any case, it is expected that additional high-quality nutritional data of dietary ARA intake in various countries and groups will accumulate.…”
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) have important roles in physiological homeostasis. Numerous studies have provided extensive information about the roles of n-3 LCPUFA, such as docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. Arachidonic acid (ARA) is one of the major n-6 LCPUFAs and its biological aspects have been well studied. However, nutritional information for ARA is limited, especially in adult humans. This review presents a framework of dietary ARA intake and the effects of ARA supplementation on LCPUFA metabolism in adult humans, and the nutritional significance of ARA and LCPUFA is discussed.
“…Some groups reported increased cholesterol-to-phospholipid ratios (McBride and Jacob, 1970;Biemer, 1980;Barenholz et al, 1981) while others detected increased total cholesterol content without any increase in the cholesterol-to-phospholipid ratio (Iida et al, 1984) and still others described no alterations at all of the total cholesterol amount (Simon and Ways, 1964). Fatty acid composition was also largely maintained in pHypoβ RBCs, except for the slight increase of the linoleic and arachidonic acids, which could be related to specific dietary intake (Takkunen et al, 2013;Ford et al, 2016). To the best of our knowledge, the fatty acid content has not been studied in heterozygous hypobetalipoproteinemia.…”
Section: Alteration Of Membrane Lipid Lateral Distribution Representsmentioning
Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia is a metabolic disorder mainly caused by mutations in the apolipoprotein B gene. In its homozygous form it can lead without treatment to severe ophthalmological and neurological manifestations. In contrast, the heterozygous form is generally asymptomatic but associated with a low risk of cardiovascular disease. Acanthocytes or thorny red blood cells (RBCs) are described for both forms of the disease. However, those morphological changes are poorly characterized and their potential consequences for RBC functionality are not understood. Thus, in the present study, we asked whether, to what extent and how acanthocytes from a patient with heterozygous familial hypobetalipoproteinemia could exhibit altered RBC functionality. Acanthocytes represented 50% of the total RBC population and contained mitoTracker-positive surface patches, indicating the presence of mitochondrial fragments. While RBC osmotic fragility, calcium content and ATP homeostasis were preserved, a slight decrease of RBC deformability combined with an increase of intracellular free reactive oxygen species were observed. The spectrin cytoskeleton was altered, showing a lower density and an enrichment in patches. At the membrane level, no obvious modification of the RBC membrane fatty acids nor of the cholesterol content were detected but the ceramide species were all increased. Membrane stiffness and curvature were also increased whereas transversal asymmetry was preserved. In contrast, lateral asymmetry was highly impaired showing: (i) increased abundance and decreased functionality of sphingomyelin-enriched domains; (ii) cholesterol enrichment in spicules; and (iii) ceramide enrichment in patches. We propose that oxidative stress induces cytoskeletal alterations, leading to increased membrane stiffness and curvature and impaired lipid lateral distribution in domains and spicules. In addition, ceramide- and spectrin-enriched patches could result from a RBC maturation defect. Altogether, the data indicate that acanthocytes are associated with cytoskeletal and membrane lipid lateral asymmetry alterations, while deformability is only mildly impaired. In addition, familial hypobetalipoproteinemia might also affect RBC precursors leading to disturbed RBC maturation. This study paves the way for the potential use of membrane biophysics and lipid vital imaging as new methods for diagnosis of RBC disorders.
“…[5] Furthermore, ALA is an essential nutrient and should be consumed as part of a mixed diet. Dietary guidelines for LCn3 include eating two portions of fish per week (one being oily fish) to provide 500 mg/day of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), [6] and to increase the intake of flax seeds, chai seeds, hemp seeds, walnuts, soybean and/or canola to ensure sufficient ALA intake. South Africans generally do not meet the basic dietary guidelines for ALA, EPA and DHA.…”
Section: Implications For Practicementioning
confidence: 99%
“…South Africans generally do not meet the basic dietary guidelines for ALA, EPA and DHA. [6] While this review focused on the effects of LCn3 and ALA, a healthy dietary pattern that consists of fruit and vegetables, nuts, whole grains and dietary fibre, together with sodium restriction and reduced intake of sugar and sugar-sweetened beverages, [5] is important for the primary and secondary prevention and treatment of CVD. Furthermore, the relationship between the intake of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) influences health outcomes.…”
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